Materials for electrochemical device safety

1. An electrochemical device comprising:

a positive electrode;

a negative electrode;

a separator;

a casing; and

an effective amount of a thermally-triggered intumescent material or a gas-triggered intumescent material;

wherein:

the intumescent material is coated on the surface of the positive electrode, on the surface of the negative electrode, or on the surface of the separator as an intumescent material coating; and

the effective amount is an amount sufficient to impede electron flow and prevent or abate a run-away thermal event.

2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the separator.

3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the positive electrode.

4. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the negative electrode.

5. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material is calcium gluconate; magnesium gluconate; a material having a glass transition temperature below 250° C. and a blowing agent with activation temperature between 50° C. and 250° C.; a shape memory polymer; or an Expancel® microsphere.

6. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material coating further comprises a tetrahydrofuran-based-16-crown-4 compound.

7. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material coating further comprises a lithium ionophore.

8. The electrochemical device of claim 7 , wherein the lithium ionophore is lithium ionophore I, lithium ionophore II, lithium ionophore III, lithium ionophore IV, lithium ionophore VI; lithium ionophore VII; or lithium ionophore VIII.

9. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the intumescent material coating comprises a porous material.

10. The electrochemical device of claim 9 , wherein the porous material is a zeolite; a high porosity alumina aerogel; a high porosity silica aerogel; a high porosity silica xerogel; or a high porosity sandstone.

11. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises a polymer that is a thermoplastic polymer; an elastomer; or a gel.

12. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises a polymer that is polyether ether ketone; thermoplastic polyimide; polybenzimidazole; a high-temperature sulfones; a polyamide-imide; a fluoropolymer; a polyethersulfone; a liquid-crystal polymer; a polyetherimide; a nylon; a polyphenylene sulfide; polyethylene terephthalate; polyvinylidene fluoride; polypropylene; or polyethylene.

13. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the effective amount of the intumescent material is an amount sufficient to disrupt a short circuit in the electrochemical device.

14. The electrochemical device of claim 13 , wherein the effective amount is from 0.001 wt % to 40 wt %.

15. The electrochemical device of claim 1 further comprising an electrolyte solvent.

16. The electrochemical device of claim 1 further comprising a heat suppressant material.

17. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the device is a battery or supercapacitor.

18. An electrochemical device comprising an effective amount of a thermally-triggered intumescent material or a gas-triggered intumescent material;

wherein:

the intumescent material comprises a tetrahydrofuran-based-16-crown-4 compound, a lithium ionophore, or a porous material; and

the effective amount is an amount sufficient to impede electron flow and prevent or abate a run-away thermal event.

19. The electrochemical device of claim 18 , wherein the intumescent material comprises the lithium ionophore, and the lithium ionophore comprises lithium ionophore I, lithium ionophore II, lithium ionophore III, lithium ionophore IV, lithium ionophore VI, lithium ionophore VI, or lithium ionophore VIII.

20. The electrochemical device of claim 18 , wherein the intumescent material comprises the porous material, and the porous material comprises a zeolite; a high porosity alumina aerogel; a high porosity silica aerogel; a high porosity silica xerogel; or a high porosity sandstone.

21. The electrochemical device of claim 18 further comprising a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator; and a casing; wherein: the intumescent material is coated on the surface of the positive electrode, on the surface of the negative electrode, or on the surface of the separator as an intumescent material coating.

22. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the separator.

23. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the positive electrode.

24. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the intumescent material is coated on the negative electrode.

25. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the separator comprises a polymer that is a thermoplastic polymer; an elastomer; or a gel.

26. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the separator comprises a polymer that is polyether ether ketone; thermoplastic polyimide; polybenzimidazole; a high-temperature sulfones; a polyamide-imide; a fluoropolymer; a polyethersulfone; a liquid-crystal polymer; a polyetherimide; a nylon; a polyphenylene sulfide; polyethylene terephthalate; polyvinylidene fluoride; polypropylene; or polyethylene.

27. The electrochemical device of claim 18 , wherein the intumescent material coating comprises the tetrahydrofuran-based-16-crown-4 compound.

28. The electrochemical device of claim 18 further comprising an electrolyte solvent.

29. The electrochemical device of claim 18 further comprising a heat suppressant material.

30. The electrochemical device of claim 18 , wherein the device is a battery or supercapacitor.

31. The electrochemical device of claim 18 , wherein the effective amount is from 0.001 wt % to 40 wt %.