Discovery and applications of the proteolytic function of N-terminal acetylation of cellular proteins
Screening assays that allow for the identification of agents that modulate the activity of N-terminal acetylation of a polypeptide and the Doa10 branch of the N-end rule pathway are provided. Also provided are methods of using an agent that modulates the activity of N-terminal acetylation of a polypeptide and the Doa10 branch of the N-end rule pathway to increase or decrease protein degradation in a cell, and to modulate physiologic and pathologic associated with N-terminal acetylation of a polypeptide and the Doa10 branch of the N-end rule pathway.
1. A method of identifying an agent that modulates N α -terminal acetyl transferase-mediated N-end rule pathway-mediated acetylation of an amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of a peptide, comprising:
a) contacting at least one sample comprising a peptide having an N-terminal Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide, wherein the peptide comprises an N-terminal portion of a fusion protein and wherein the fusion protein comprises a reporter polypeptide C-terminal to the peptide, with at least one test agent, under conditions suitable for the N-terminal Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide to act as a substrate for an N-end rule pathway reaction;
b) using mass spectroscopy or capillary electrophoresis, analyzing the results to detect a change in the N-end rule pathway substrate activity of the N-terminal Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide of a) in the presence of the test agent as compared to the activity in the absence of the test agent;
wherein a change identifies the test agent as an agent that modulates N α -terminal acetyl transferase-mediated N-end rule pathway-mediated acetylation of an amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide, wherein the acetylated peptide is a substrate of Doa10 E3 Ub ligase.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide comprises a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide comprises a synthetic peptide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reporter polypeptide comprises a selectable marker protein or a detectable label.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the selectable marker protein is an antibiotic resistance protein.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the detectable label comprises a fluorescent protein, a luminescence generating protein, or an enzyme.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the fluorescent protein is Aequorea green fluorescent protein, the luminescence generating protein is luciferase, or the enzyme is β-galactosidase.
8. The method of claim 1 , where the fusion protein is inducible.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide having Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue comprises an internal portion of a protein, and wherein the method further comprises contacting the protein with a protease that cleaves the protein to generate the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the test agent alters N-terminal acetylation of the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the test agent reduces or inhibits N-terminal acetylation of the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the test agent alters the N-terminal acetylation of the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residue of the peptide by an N α -terminal acetyl transferase.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the N α -terminal acetyl transferase comprises a mammalian N α -terminal acetyl transferase.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises a cell-free sample.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises a cell, or an extract of a cell.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell is a cell of a plant or a cell of an animal.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell expresses an N α -terminal acetyl transferase.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the N α -terminal acetyl transferase is endogenous to the cell.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein detecting a change in the N-end rule pathway substrate activity of the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residues of the peptide comprises measuring the N-terminal acetylation of the amino terminal (N-terminal) Met, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Cys, Gly, or Pro residues of the peptide.