Hydrogen passivation induced dispersion of carbon nanotubes and graphene
Methods for dispersing carbon nanoparticles in a media (e.g., an alcohol such as ethanol, a resin such as an epoxy, etc.) are generally provided. The method can include: immersing the carbon nanoparticles into the media, and ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas source. The carbon nanoparticles have dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles, such that the dangling bonds on the surface of adjacent carbon nanoparticles are covelantly bonded to each other. Upon ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas source (e.g., hydrogen gas), the dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles are replaced with carbon-hydrogen bonds.
1. A method of dispersing carbon nanoparticles in a media, each carbon nanoparticle defining a surface having a dangling bond, the method comprising:
immersing the carbon nanoparticles into the media, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles, and wherein the dangling bonds on the surface of adjacent carbon nanoparticles are covalently bonded to each other within the media; and
ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas to replace the dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles with carbon-hydrogen bonds, wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency and a power sufficient to break hydrogen-hydrogen bonds in the hydrogen gas.
2. The method as in claim 1 , wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency and a power sufficient to break van der Waals force interaction between adjacent carbon nanoparticles.
3. The method as in claim 2 , wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency and a power sufficient to break interaction of dangling bonds between adjacent carbon nanoparticles.
4. The method as in claim 1 , wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency of about 20 kHz to about 350 kHz.
5. The method as in claim 4 , wherein the sound waves have a power of about 80 watts to about 1,100 watts.
6. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the media containing the carbon nanoparticles is ultrasonicated in the presence of the hydrogen gas for a period of about 30 minutes to about 5 hours.
7. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the media containing the carbon nanoparticles is ultrasonicated in the presence of the hydrogen gas for a period of about 1 hour to about 3.5 hours.
8. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the media comprises ethanol.
9. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the media comprises a resin.
10. The method as in claim 9 , wherein the resin comprises an epoxy.
11. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise carbon nano-tubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, or mixtures thereof.
12. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprises carbon nano-tubes.
13. The method as in claim 12 , wherein the carbon nano-tubes comprise multi-walled carbon nano-tubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, or a mixture thereof.
14. The method as in claim 12 , wherein the carbon nano-tubes comprise multi-walled carbon nano-tubes.
15. The method as in claim 12 , wherein the carbon nano-tubes comprise double-walled carbon nano-tubes.
16. The method as in claim 1 , further comprising:
after ultrasonicating, applying the media containing the carbon nanoparticles to a surface.
17. The method as in claim 16 , further comprising:
heating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles to release the hydrogen absorbed by the carbon nanoparticles.
18. The method as in claim 17 , wherein the media containing the carbon nanoparticles is heated to at least about 550° C.