Anti-fouling coating compositions and methods for preventing the fouling of surfaces
A xerogel film exhibiting antifouling properties. The films are made using long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilanes, short-chain alkyltrialkoxysilanes, aminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes, dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes, and perfluororalkyltrialkoxysilanes as sol-gel precursors. The films can be used as coatings on surfaces to reduce or eliminate fouling resulting from attachment and/or growth of biofoulants such as algae, diatoms, bacteria, barnacles, and biofilms.
1. A composition comprising a sol-gel matrix, wherein the sol-gel matrix is a sol-gel processed xerogel film formed from a sol-gel processed composition comprising:
a first component selected from 0.25 mole % to 5.0 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 8 to C 25 perfluoroalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, and 1 mole % to 20 mole % of an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 alkylaminoalkyl group and a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 dialkylaminoalkyl group, two alkylamino groups that are, independently, C 1 to C 10 alkyl groups, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups,
a second component that is 20 mole % to 55 mole % of a shorter-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 3 to C 8 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, or
if the first component is an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, and
a third component that is a tetraalkoxysilane having C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups making up the remainder of the composition.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the first component is a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane, the sol-gel processed composition further comprises a fourth component that is 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoroalkyltrialkoxysilane.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane is n -dodecyltriethoxysilane, n-octadecyltriethoxysilane, or n-decyltriethoxysilane.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the shorter-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane is n-propyltrimethoxy silane, n-butyltriethoxysilane, n-pentyltriethoxysilane, n-hexyltriethoxysilane, n-heptyltriethoxysilane, or n-octyltriethoxysilane.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane is aminomethyltriethoxysilane, aminoethyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminobutyltriethoxysilane, aminopentyltriethoxysilane, or aminohexyltriethoxysilane, the alkylaminoalkyoxysilane is methylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, methylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, methylaminobutyltriethoxysilane, methylaminopentyltriethoxysilane, or methylaminohexyltriethoxysilane, or the dialkylaminotrialkoxysilane is dimethylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminobutyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminopentyltriethoxysilane, or dimethylaminohexyltriethoxysilane.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the perfluoroalkyltrialkoxysilane is tridecafluorooctadecyltriethoxysilane, or tridecafluorooctyltrimethoxysilane.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the tetralkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane or tetraisopropoxysilane.
8. A xerogel film formed by sol-gel processing a precursor composition a first component selected from 0.25 mole % to 5.0 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 8 to C 25 perfluoroalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, and 1 mole % to 20 mole % of an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 alkylaminoalkyl group and a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 dialkylaminoalkyl group, two alkylamino groups that are, independently, C 1 to C 10 alkyl groups, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups,
a second component that is 20 mole % to 55 mole % of a shorter-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 3 to C 8 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, or
if the first component is an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, and
a third component that is a tetraalkoxysilane having C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups making up the remainder of the composition.
9. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the first component is a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane, the sol-gel processed composition further comprises a fourth component that is 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoroalkyltrialkoxysilane.
10. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane is n-dodecyltriethoxysilane, n-octadecyltriethoxysilane, or n-decyltriethoxysilane.
11. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the shorter-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane is n-propyltrimethoxy silane, n-butyltriethoxysilane, n-pentyltriethoxysilane, n-hexyltriethoxysilane, n-heptyltriethoxysilane, or n-octyltriethoxysilane.
12. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane is aminoethyltriethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminobutyltriethoxysilane, aminopentyltriethoxysilane, or aminohexyltriethoxysilane, the alkylaminoalkyoxysilane is methylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, methylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, methylaminobutyltriethoxysilane, methylaminopentyltriethoxysilane, or methylaminohexyltriethoxysilane, or the dialkylaminotrialkoxysilane is dimethylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminobutyltriethoxysilane, dimethylaminopentyltriethoxysilane, or dimethylaminohexyltriethoxysilane .
13. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the perfluoroalkyltrialkoxysilane is tridecafluorooctadecyltriethoxysilane or tridecafluorooctyltrimethoxysilane.
14. The xerogel film of claim 8 , wherein the tetralkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane or tetraisopropoxysilane.
15. A method of preventing fouling of surfaces subjected to an aqueous environment, said method comprising:
applying a coating composition to a portion of a surface subjected to an aqueous environment comprising:
a first component selected from 0.25 mole % to 5.0 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 8 to C 25 perfluoroalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, and 1 to 20 % of an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 alkylaminoalkyl group and a C 1 to C 10 aminoalkyl group, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 1 to C 10 dialkylaminoalkyl group, two independent C 1 to C 10 alkylamino groups, and three C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups,
a second component that is 20 mole % to 55 mole % of a shorter-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 3 to C 8 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, or
if the first component is an aminoalkyltrialkyoxysilane, alkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, or dialkylaminoalkyltrialkoxysilane, 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a long-chain alkyltrialkoxysilane having a C 10 to C 25 alkyl group and three C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups, and
a third component that is a tetraalkoxysilane having C 1 to C 3 alkyl groups making up the remainder of the composition, or
such that a xerogel film is formed on the surface, and
the xerogel film prevents or reduces fouling of the surface.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first component is a long-chain tetraalkyloxysilane, the sol-gel processed composition further comprises a fourth component that is 1 mole % to 45 mole % of a perfluoalkyltrialkoxysilane.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the film has a thickness of 1 micron to 20 microns.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the film has a contact angle of greater than 90 degrees.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the film has a surface roughness of greater than 1 nm.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the aqueous environment is naturally occurring or man-made and is fresh water or salt water.