Mixed charge copolymers and hydrogels
Nonfouling copolymers and hydrogels comprising positively charged repeating units or latent positively charged repeating units and negatively charged units or latent positively charged units.
1. A method for grafting a copolymer to a surface to provide a substantially electronically neutral polymer brush, comprising:
(a) immobilizing a bromine terminated alkyl thiol to a surface to provide a monolayer having a plurality of bromine terminated groups;
(b) contacting the monolayer having a plurality of bromine terminated groups with a polymerization catalyst and a combination of first and second monomers to provide a monolayer of copolymers,
wherein the first monomer is selected from the group consisting of negatively charged monomers and monomers having latent negatively charged groups reactive to provide negatively charged groups,
wherein the second monomer is selected from the group consisting of positively charged monomers and monomers having latent positively charged groups reactive to provide positively charged groups,
wherein the first and second monomers are present in the combination in substantially equal molar amounts, and
wherein each copolymer comprises a plurality of repeating units selected from the group consisting of negatively charged repeating units and repeating units having latent negatively charged groups reactive to provide negatively charged groups, and a substantially equal number of repeating units selected from the group consisting of positively charged repeating units and repeating units having latent positively charged groups reactive to provide positively charged groups;
(c) converting the copolymers having repeating units having latent negatively charged groups to copolymers having repeating units having negatively charged groups, when the first monomers comprise monomers having latent negatively charged groups; and
(d) converting the copolymers having repeating units having latent positively charged groups to copolymers having repeating units having positively charged groups, when the second monomers comprise monomers having latent positively charged groups.
2. A substrate comprising a surface having a layer of copolymers grafted therefrom, wherein the layer of copolymers comprises copolymers having:
(a) a plurality of repeating units independently selected from negatively charged repeating units and repeating units having latent negatively charged groups reactive to provide negatively charged groups; and
(b) a plurality of repeating units independently selected from positively charged repeating units and repeating units having latent positively charged groups reactive to provide positively charged groups,
wherein the copolymer is substantially electronically neutral when the repeating units having latent negatively charged groups and/or repeating units having latent positively charged groups, when present in the copolymer, are hydrolyzed.
3. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of an implant.
4. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of a stent, a catheter, or a vascular graft.
5. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of a medical device.
6. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of a protein.
7. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein one or more of the repeating units are derived from amino acid monomers.
8. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the copolymers are crosslinked.
9. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is a marine surface.
10. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of a nanoparticle.
11. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the surface is the surface of a biosensor.