Amorphous steel composites with enhanced strengths, elastic properties and ductilities
Amorphous steel composites with enhanced mechanical properties and related methods for toughening amorphous steel alloys. The composites are formed from monolithic amorphous steel and hard ceramic particulates, which must be embedded in the glass matrix through melting at a temperature above the melting point for the steel but below the melting point for the ceramic. The ceramics may be carbides, nitrides, borides, iron-refractory carbides, or iron-refractory borides. An optical micrograph of such a composite including niobium carbide particulates is shown in FIG. 2 A. The produced composites may be one of two types, primarily distinguished by the methods for embedding the ceramic particulates in the steel. These methods may be applied to a variety of amorphous steels as well as other non-ferrous amorphous metals, and the resulting composites can be used in various applications and utilizations.
1. An amorphous steel composite comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula:
[Fe 1-a-b-c-d-e-f Mn a Cr b Mo c (Ln 1-x Y x ) d C e B f ] 100-α [CER] α ,
wherein Ln represents an element in the Lanthanide series; and
wherein CER represents a ceramic consisting of one of two types:
i) a carbide or nitride comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: M 0.5-y M′ y C 0.5-z N z ,
wherein M and M′ represent one or two group IV or V refractory metals, and
wherein y and z satisfy the relations 0.5≧y≧0 and 0.5≧z≧0; or
ii) an iron-refractory carbide comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: Fe 1-y-z M y C z
wherein M represents a refractory or reactive metal, and
wherein y and z satisfy the relations 1.0≧y>0 and 1.0≧z>0; or
wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, x, and a satisfy the relations:
0.5≧a≧0, 0.15≧b≧0.07, 0.16≧c≧0.07, 0.03≧d≧0.015, 0.16≧e≧0.14, 0.07≧f≧0.05, 1.0x≧0, 10≧α>0, c+d≦0.19, e+f≦0.25, and a+b+c+d+e+f≦0.55; and
wherein said composite is a bulk amorphous sample of at least about 4 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension, and
wherein said composite has a shear modulus of at least about 85 GPa.
2. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the partial composite of [Fe 1-a-b-c-d-e-f Mn a Cr b Mo c (Ln 1-x Y x ) d C e B f ] 100-α further comprises elements X and/or Z, wherein:
X represents at least one transitional element,
Z represents at least one Group B element; and
wherein X and Z is included to the extent that Fe remains the primary element of said amorphous steel composite.
3. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite has a fracture yield strength of at least about 4.0 GPa.
4. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite has a Young's modulus of at least about 220 GPa.
5. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite has a bulk modulus of at least about 205 GPa.
6. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite has a Poisson ratio of at least about 0.32.
7. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of corrosion resistant coatings and/or wear-resistant coatings.
8. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames and parts, aircraft parts and frames, ship parts, submarine parts, ship hulls, hybrid ship hulls with non-magnetic coating, and/or laminate composites for such structures.
9. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, magnetic levitation train rails and propulsion, cable armor, power shafts, and/or actuators.
10. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising engineering and medical materials and tools.
11. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings, and components.
12. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising engineering materials, tools and devices, construction materials, tools and devices, and medical materials, tools and devices.
13. The amorphous steel composite of claim 1 , wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
14. The amorphous steel composite of claim 13 , wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, and/or compaction.
15. The amorphous steel composite of claim 1 , wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
16. The amorphous steel composite of claim 15 , wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, and/or compaction.
17. An amorphous steel composite comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula:
[Fe 1-a-b-c-d-e-f Mn a Cr b Mo c (Ln 1-x Y x ) d C e B f ] 100-α [CER] α ,
wherein Ln represents an element in the Lanthanide series; and
wherein CER represents a ceramic consisting of one of three types:
i) a carbide or nitride comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: M 0.5-y M′ y C 0.5-z N z
wherein M and M′ represent one or two group IV or V refractory metals, and
wherein y and z satisfy the relations 0.5≧y≧0 and 0.5≧z≧0;
ii) an iron-refractory carbide comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: Fe 1-y-z M y C z
wherein M represents a refractory or reactive metal, and
wherein y and z satisfy the relations 1.0≧y>0 and 1.0≧z>0; or
iii) an iron-refractory boride comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: Fe 1-y-z M y B z
wherein M represents a refractory or reactive metal, and
wherein y and z satisfy the relations 1.0≧y>0 and 1.0≧z>0; and
wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, x, and a satisfy the relations:
0.05≧a≧0, 0.15≧b≧0.01, 0.16≧c≧0.10, 0.03≧d≧0.015, 0.16≧e≧0.14, 0.07≧f≧0.05, 1.0x≧0, 10≧α>4,
wherein said composite is a bulk amorphous sample of at least about 2 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension,
wherein said composite has a shear modulus of at least about 85 GPa.
18. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein the partial composite of [Fe 1-a-b-c-d-e-f Mn a Cr b Mo c (Ln 1-x Y x ) d C e B f ] 100-α further comprises elements X and/or Z, wherein:
X represents at least one transitional element, and
Z represents at least one Group B element.
19. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite has a fracture yield strength of at least about 4.0 GPa.
20. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite has a Young's modulus of at least about 220 GPa.
21. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite has a bulk modulus of at least about 205 GPa.
22. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite has a Poisson ratio of at least about 0.32.
23. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of corrosion resistant coatings and/or wear-resistant coatings.
24. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of ship frames, submarine frames, vehicle frames and parts, aircraft parts and frames, ship parts, submarine parts, ship hulls, hybrid ship hulls with non-magnetic coating, and/or laminate composites for such structures.
25. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure comprising at least one of armor penetrators, projectiles, protection armors, rods, magnetic levitation train rails and propulsion, cable armor, power shafts, and/or actuators.
26. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising engineering and medical materials and tools.
27. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising cell phone and PDA casings, housings, and components, electronics and computer casings, housings, and components.
28. The amorphous steel composite as set forth in claim 17 , wherein said composite is processable into a structure selected from the group comprising engineering materials, tools and devices, construction materials, tools and devices, and medical materials, tools and devices.
29. The amorphous steel composite of claim 17 , wherein said alloy is processable into an article.
30. The amorphous steel composite of claim 29 , wherein said processed article is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, and/or compaction.
31. The amorphous steel composite of claim 17 , wherein said alloy is processable into a coating.
32. The amorphous steel composite of claim 31 , wherein said processed coating is provided by at least one of the following processing methods: melt spinning, atomization, spray forming, scanning-beam forming, plastic forming, casting, and/or compaction.