Copper nanoparticle application processes for low temperature printable, flexible/conformal electronics and antennas
An ink adapted for forming conductive elements is disclosed. The ink includes a plurality of nanoparticles and a carrier. The nanoparticles comprise copper and have a diameter of less than 20 nanometers. Each nanoparticle has at least a partial coating of a surfactant configured to separate adjacent nanoparticles. Methods of creating circuit elements from copper-containing nanoparticles by spraying, tracing, stamping, burnishing, or heating are disclosed.
1. A circuit assembly comprising:
a substrate having a maximum exposure temperature of less than 200° C.; and
a first layer of formed metal adhered to the substrate by mechanical interlocking with irregular surface features of the substrate, the first layer of formed metal comprising at least partially fused nanoparticles that comprise copper and had a diameter of less than 50 nanometers prior to being fused;
a layer of non-conducting material over a first portion of the first layer of formed metal, wherein a second portion of the first layer of formed metal is not covered by the layer of non-conducting material;
a semiconductor layer over the layer of non-conducting material and the second portion of the first layer of formed metal;
a conductor layer over the layer of non-conducting material and connected to the semiconductor layer; and
a second layer of formed metal over the semiconductor layer,
wherein a shape of the substrate after the nanoparticles are fused is not measurably changed from a shape of the substrate prior to the nanoparticles being fused.
2. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles had a diameter of less than 20 nanometers prior to being fused.
3. The circuit assembly of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles had a diameter of less than 10 nanometers prior to being fused.
4. The circuit assembly of claim 3 , wherein the nanoparticles had a diameter in the range of 1-7 nanometers prior to being fused.
5. The circuit assembly of claim 4 , wherein the nanoparticles had a diameter in the range of 3-5 nanometers prior to being fused.
6. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is flexible.
7. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has a maximum exposure temperature of less than 70° C.
8. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein
the second layer comprises the at least partially fused nanoparticles.
9. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , further comprising at least one via that penetrates the layer of non-conducting material and is configured to electrically connect the first and second layers of formed metal, wherein the via comprises fused nanoparticles that comprise copper.
10. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first layer of formed metal forms at least a portion of a passive device selected from the set of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a diode.
11. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first layer of formed metal forms at least a portion of a transistor.
12. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first layer of formed metal forms at least a portion of a battery.
13. The circuit assembly of claim 1 , further comprising discrete electrical components.