Mutant proteins and methods for selecting them
A method for selecting a membrane protein with increased stability, the method comprising: a) providing one or more mutants of a parent membrane protein in a membrane-containing composition, wherein the one or more mutants are exposed to an amount of a membrane destabilizing agent which is effective to destabilize the parent membrane protein in-situ, b) determining whether the or each mutant membrane protein has increased stability with respect to its structure and/or a biological activity compared to the stability of the parent membrane protein with respect to its structure and/or the same biological activity, and c) selecting the one or more mutants which have increased stability compared to the stability of the parent membrane protein.
1. A method for selecting a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with increased stability, the method comprising:
a) providing one or more mutants of a parent GPCR in a membrane-containing composition,
b) exposing the one or more mutants of a parent GPCR in the membrane-containing composition to an amount of a membrane destabilising agent which is effective to destabilise the parent GPCR in-situ without solubilising the GPCR,
c) determining whether the or each mutant GPCR has increased stability with respect to its structure or a biological activity compared to the stability of the parent GPCR with respect to its structure or the same biological activity, and
d) selecting the one or more mutants which have increased stability compared to the stability of the parent GPCR.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the membrane containing composition is any of a composition comprising whole cells, an organelle, a membrane-containing extract or fraction from a cell or organelle, a lipid monolayer, a lipid bilayer, a bead-linked lipid particle or a proteoliposome.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is any of a detergent, an amphiphilic molecule or an amphipol.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of a membrane destabilising agent which is effective to destabilise the parent GPCR in-situ is one which reduces a biological activity of the parent GPCR in situ compared to the activity of the parent GPCR in situ in the absence of the destabilising agent.
5. A method according to claim 4 , wherein the amount is one which reduces the biological activity of the parent GPCR in situ to approximately 50% of the biological activity of the parent GPCR in situ in the absence of destabilising agent.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the biological activity is any of a ligand-binding activity, a signalling pathway modulation activity, a transmembrane transporting activity or an enzyme activity.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of a membrane destabilising agent which is effective to destabilise the parent GPCR in-situ is one which significantly perturbs the structure of a parent GPCR in situ compared to the structure of a parent GPCR in situ in the absence of the destabilising agent.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining if the selected one or more mutants have increased stability to any one or more of heat, a detergent, a chaotrope or an extreme of pH and selecting those mutants that do.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein a mutant GPCR which has increased thermostability is selected.
10. A method for preparing a mutant GPCR with increased stability, the method comprising:
(a) carrying out the method of claim 1 ,
(b) identifying the position or positions of the mutated amino acid residue or residues in the mutant GPCR which has been selected for increased stability, and
(c) synthesising a mutant GPCR which contains a replacement amino acid at one or more of the positions identified.
11. A method according to claim 10 wherein the mutant GPCR contains a plurality of mutations compared to the parent GPCR.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the GPCR is expressed in a prokaryotic host cell.
13. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the prokaryotic host cell is E. coli.
14. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the ligand-binding activity is assessed using a detectably labeled binding partner.
15. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the GPCR is incubated for a defined time in the presence of a test detergent and the stability is determined using ligand binding.
16. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the GPCR is incubated for a defined time in the presence of a test detergent and the stability is determined using ligand binding.
17. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is any of a trifluoroethanol, a chloroform/methanol mixture, a polyol, butane diol, heptane triol, an alcohol, propanol, isopropanol or benzyl alcohol.
18. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is any of mellitin, an apolipoprotein, an enzyme that perturbs membrane structure or phospholipase A.
19. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is any of an organic solvent, dimethylformide or dimethylsulphoxide.
20. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is urea or guanidine hydrogen chloride.
21. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the destabilising agent is any of cyclodextrin, a polyene antibiotic, a local anaesthetic, procaine, a drug or Chlorpromazine.