Silicon whisker and carbon nanofiber composite anode
A carbon nanofiber can have a surface and include at least one crystalline whisker extending from the surface of the carbon nanofiber. A battery anode composition can be formed from a plurality of carbon nanofibers each including a plurality of crystalline whiskers.
1. A method of manufacturing a battery, comprising:
depositing a cathode material onto a surface of a cathode current collector;
forming an anode composition on a second surface of an electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate, the anode composition including at least one crystalline whisker extending from and grown directly on the second surface of the electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate, the one crystalline whisker is an electro-active material; and
depositing the anode composition on the second surface of the electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate onto an anode current collector.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
depositing catalyst seeds on the electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate; and
forming the at least one crystalline whisker at a location on the second surface of the electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate where one of the plurality of catalyst seeds are deposited.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the catalyst seeds comprise gold, aluminum, or a silicon eutectic forming material.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the catalyst seeds have a diameter of less than about 100 nanometers.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one crystalline whisker comprises silicon.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising using a gold-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid process to form the anode composition on the electrically conductive carbonaceous substrate.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one crystalline whisker is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, and tin.