Calcium and lanthanum solid base catalysts for transesterification
In one aspect, a heterogeneous catalyst comprises calcium hydroxide and lanthanum hydroxide, wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of more than about 10 m 2 /g. In another aspect, a heterogeneous catalyst comprises a calcium compound and a lanthanum compound, wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of more than about 10 m 2 /g, and a total basicity of about 13.6 mmol/g. In further another aspect, a heterogeneous catalyst comprises calcium oxide and lanthanum oxide, wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of more than about 10 m 2 /g. In still another aspect, a process for preparing a catalyst comprises introducing a base precipitant, a neutral precipitant, and an acid precipitant to a solution comprising a first metal ion and a second metal ion to form a precipitate. The process further comprises calcining the precipitate to provide the catalyst.
1. A heterogeneous catalyst, consisting essentially of:
calcium oxide, lanthanum oxide, calcium hydroxide, and lanthanum hydroxide,
wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of more than about 20 m 2 /g.
2. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of about 62.6 m 2 /g.
3. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the calcium hydroxide and lanthanum hydroxide comprise segregated calcium hydroxide and lanthanum hydroxide crystals, respectively.
4. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of calcium to lanthanum is from about 100:1 to about 1:100.
5. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 4 , wherein the molar ratio of calcium to lanthanum is from about 9:1 to about 1:3.
6. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 5 , wherein the molar ratio of calcium to lanthanum is about 3:1.
7. A process for producing a biofuel, comprising:
contacting a feed material that comprises a glyceride with an alcohol in the presence of the catalyst of any of claim 1 - 2 , 3 , or 4 - 6 such that at least some of the glyceride in the feed material is converted into the corresponding alcoholic ester of the glyceride.
8. A process for producing a biofuel, comprising:
contacting a feed material that comprises a glyceride and at least one free fatty acid with an alcohol in the presence of the catalyst of any of claim 1 - 2 , 3 , or 4 - 6 such that at least some of both the glyceride and the at least one free fatty acid in the feed material are converted into the corresponding alcoholic esters of the glyceride and the free fatty acid, respectively.
9. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a total basicity of about 13.6 mmol/g.
10. The heterogeneous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a specific surface area of more than about 30 m 2 /g.