Platinum-based electrocatalysts synthesized by depositing contiguous adlayers on carbon nanostructures
High-surface-area carbon nanostructures coated with a smooth and conformal submonolayer-to-multilayer thin metal films and their method of manufacture are described. The manufacturing process may involve initial oxidation of the carbon nanostructures followed by immersion in a solution with the desired pH to create negative surface dipoles. The nanostructures are subsequently immersed in an alkaline solution containing non-noble metal ions which adsorb at surface reaction sites. The metal ions are then reduced via chemical or electrical means and the nanostructures are exposed to a solution containing a salt of one or more noble metals which replace adsorbed non-noble surface metal atoms by galvanic displacement. Subsequent film growth may be performed via the initial quasi-underpotential deposition of a non-noble metal followed by immersion in a solution comprising a more noble metal. The resulting coated nanostructures may be used, for example, as high-performance electrodes in supercapacitors, batteries, or other electric storage devices.
1. A method of depositing conformal metal films on a plurality of carbon nanostructures comprising:
depositing an atomically thin shell of a first transition metal by:
oxidizing a surface of the carbon nanostructures;
creating a dipole at the surface of the carbon nanostructures;
adsorbing metal ions on the surface of the carbon nano structures;
reducing the adsorbed metal ions; and
replacing the adsorbed metal ions with the first transition metal which is more noble than the adsorbed metal ions; and
depositing an atomically thin layer of a catalytically active noble metal on a surface of the atomically thin shell by
depositing a contiguous adlayer of a second transition metal; and
replacing the contiguous adlayer of the second transition metal with a second metal which is more noble than the second transition metal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, nanohorns, nanocones, nanoparticles, nanofibers, graphene, and fullerenes.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising forming carbon nanostructures by chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, or arc discharge processes.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the carbon nanostructures is oxidized by immersion in a sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution containing ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) at room temperature.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the surface of the carbon nanostructures is oxidized by immersion in a 1.0 M sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution containing 10 grams of ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) at room temperature for 12 hours.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Bi 3+ , Ti, Cd 2+ , Ag + , Sn 2+ , Hg + , Sb 3+ , Se 4+ , and Te 4+ .
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are reduced by immersion in a NaClO 4 solution at a potential of −1,000 mV.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are reduced by immersion in a 0.1M NaClO 4 solution at a potential of −1,000 mV for 1 minute.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are replaced by immersing the carbon nanostructures in a solution comprising a salt of the first transition metal.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are replaced by immersing the carbon nanostructures in a Pt 2+ solution.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the adsorbed metal ions are replaced by immersing the carbon nanostructures in a 1.0 mM Pt 2+ solution for 5 minutes.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the salt of the first transition metal comprises platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, gold, or rhenium.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the salt of the first transition metal is selected from the group consisting of K 2 PtCl 4 , PdCl 2 , IrCl 3 , RuCl 3 , OsCl 3 , RhCl 3 , AuCl 3 , and ReCl 3 .
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the contiguous adlayer of the second transition metal is deposited by underpotential deposition.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the second transition metal consists of copper or lead.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein underpotential deposition is performed in a solution comprising CuSO 4 .
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the contiguous adlayer of the second transition metal is replaced by immersing the carbon nanostructures in a solution comprising a salt of the second transition metal.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the second transition metal comprises platinum.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the salt of the second transition metal consists of K 2 PtCl 4 .