Treatment of contaminated impound water
Systems and methods for treating contaminated impound water are disclosed which include a pretreatment stage wherein contaminated water is oxidized, pH adjusted, treated with a coagulant, and treated with a polymer to form a flocculent comprising bulk solids and fine particles. The oxidizing step may include two or more stages, one of which is a treatment with ferrous iron generated from iron filings or steel wool. Bulk solids are removed, and the liquid portion containing fine particles is applied to a low pressure microfiltration unit to remove the fine particles resulting in a microfilter effluent. The microfilter effluent may be directly fed to a reverse osmosis (R/O) unit. The R/O reject may be recycled to another R/O unit (second pass). The R/O permeate may be blended as needed with the microfiltration effluent to provide the final discharge effluent with reduced contaminant levels and maximized throughput. The R/O second pass reject water is further oxidized and recycled back to the front of the system to be retreated.
1. A method for treating contaminated impound agricultural water, the method comprising:
providing contaminated impound agricultural water containing metal ion and organic species contaminants to be removed;
treating the contaminated impound agricultural water with ferric iron ions, thereby generating a ferric-treated mixture;
reducing the ferric iron ions to form ferrous iron ions by flowing the ferric-treated mixture through an upflow reactor filled with iron filings or steel wool with a contact time of 10 to 30 minutes, thereby generating a ferrous-treated mixture;
removing the ferrous-treated mixture from the upflow reactor;
treating the ferrous-treated mixture with an oxidant, thereby generating an oxidized mixture, wherein the ferrous iron ions catalyze an oxidation activity of the oxidant;
adding an inorganic coagulant and a low molecular weight cationic polymer to the oxidized mixture to increase a physical size of contaminants and particulates and to form flocculent particles with low tackiness, thereby generating a flocculent mixture; and
microfiltering the flocculent mixture to remove the flocculent particles, thereby generating a microfilter effluent.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing bulk solids from the flocculent mixture prior to microfiltering.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
directly processing at least a portion of the microfilter effluent with a first reverse osmosis treatment to generate a first clean water stream and a first reject water stream; directly processing at least a portion of the first reject water stream through a second reverse osmosis treatment to generate a second clean water stream and a second reject water stream;
oxidizing the second reject water stream; and
returning the second reject water stream to the contaminated impound water.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microfiltering further comprises:
microfiltering with a microfilter membrane at a back pressure less than about 15 pounds per square inch, wherein the flocculent mixture is treated at a rate of at least 750 gallons per square foot of microfilter membrane per day; and
periodically backwashing the microfilter membrane to remove collected flocculent particles.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising microfiltering with a microfilter membrane comprising polypropylene, polysulfone, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, or combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the microfilter membrane comprises a pore size between about 0.7 and about 12 microns.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the microfilter comprises a pore size between about 1 to 2.5 microns.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic coagulant is selected from polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, silicates, dithiocarbamate, and dithiocarbonic acid.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer comprises a condensation product of epichlorohydrin and dimethyl amine having a molecular weight between 200,000 and 400,000.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer comprises a condensation product of epichlorohydrin and dimethyl amine having a molecular weight between 250,000 and 350,000.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer comprises a DADMAC polymer having a molecular weight between 450,000 and 550,000.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic coagulant is added to a final concentration of between about 30 mg/L and about 180 mg/L.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer is added to a final concentration of between about 10 mg/L and about 60 mg/L.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adjusting a pH of the flocculent mixture to above about 7 prior to microfiltering.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding an inorganic coagulant to the ferric mixture prior to reducing the ferric iron ions.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adjusting the pH of the flocculent mixture to between about 3 and about 12 prior to microfiltering.
17. A method for capturing uranium from uranium-containing impound water, the method comprising:
providing uranium-containing impound water;
treating the uranium-containing impound water with ferrous iron ions for between 10 to 30 minutes, thereby generating a ferrous-treated mixture;
treating the ferrous-treated mixture with an oxidant, thereby generating an oxidized mixture, wherein the ferrous iron ions catalyze an oxidation activity of the oxidant;
forming uranium-containing flocculent particles of low tackiness by adding an inorganic coagulant and a low molecular weight cationic polymer to the oxidized mixture to increase a physical size of contaminants to form uranium-containing flocculent particles, thereby generating a uranium-containing flocculent mixture; and
microfiltering the uranium-containing flocculent mixture to capture the uranium-containing flocculent particles as a uranium mixture and to produce a microfilter effluent;
wherein the microfilter effluent comprises at least 99% less uranium than the uranium containing impound water.
18. A method for treating contaminated impound agricultural water, the method comprising:
providing contaminated impound agricultural water containing metal ion and organic species contaminants to be removed;
treating the contaminated impound agricultural water with ferric iron ions, thereby generating a ferric-treated mixture;
reducing the ferric iron ions to form ferrous iron ions by flowing the ferric-treated mixture through an upflow reactor filled with iron filings or steel wool with a contact time of 10 to 30 minutes, thereby generating a ferrous-treated mixture;
removing the ferrous-treated mixture from the upflow reactor;
treating the ferrous-treated mixture with an oxidant, thereby generating an oxidized mixture, wherein the ferrous iron ions catalyze an oxidation activity of the oxidant;
adding polyaluminum chloride and epi-dma (poly(epichlorhydrin-dimethylamine)) to the oxidized mixture to increase a physical size of contaminants and particulates and to form flocculent particles with low tackiness, thereby generating a flocculent mixture; and
microfiltering the flocculent mixture to remove the flocculent particles, thereby generating a microfilter effluent;
wherein the polyaluminum chloride and epi-dma are reacted with the oxidized mixture in a ratio by weight of polyaluminum chloride to epi-dma of 8:1 to 12:1;
wherein the microfiltering is carried out with a microfilter membrane with an average pore size of 1.0 micron nominal size and a 2.2 micron absolute size and wherein more than 99.7% of all flocculent particles are held on a surface of the microfilter membrane.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising adjusting a pH of the flocculent mixture to above about 7 prior to microfiltering.
20. The method of claim 17 , further comprising removing bulk solids from the flocculent mixture prior to microfiltering.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer comprises a condensation product of epichlorohydrin and dimethyl amine having a molecular weight between 200,000 and 400,000.
22. The method of claim 17 , wherein the inorganic coagulant is added to a final concentration of between about 30 mg/L and about 180 mg/L.
23. The method of claim 17 , wherein the low molecular weight cationic polymer is added to a final concentration of between about 10 mg/L and about 60 mg/L.