Gradual oxidation and autoignition temperature controls
Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.
1. A method for oxidizing fuel, comprising:
in an oxidation system that receives a gas comprising an oxidizable fuel into a reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet and being configured to maintain an oxidation process, detecting when a temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber approaches or drops below a level such that the reaction chamber alone will not support oxidation of the fuel; and
changing, based on the temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber, at least one of (i) a residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber and (ii) an autoignition delay time within the reaction chamber sufficient for the gas to autoignite and oxidize while within the reaction chamber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the residence time of the gas is changed within the reaction chamber by altering flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the residence time of the gas is changed within the reaction chamber by decreasing flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the residence time of the gas is changed within the reaction chamber by recirculating flow of the gas from the outlet to the inlet of the reaction chamber.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the changing comprises changing the autoignition delay time within the reaction chamber.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the autoignition delay time is decreased within the reaction chamber by increasing the temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber with a heater.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the autoignition delay time is decreased by circulating product gas from the outlet to the inlet.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction chamber maintains oxidation of the oxidizable fuel beneath a flameout temperature without a catalyst.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising expanding product gas from the reaction chamber in a turbine or a piston engine.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising compressing the gas prior to introducing the gas into the reaction chamber.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizable fuel comprises at least one of hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, propadiene, n-butane, iso-butane, butylene-1, butadiene, iso-pentane, n-pentane, acetylene, hexane, and carbon monoxide.
12. A method for oxidizing fuel, comprising:
in an oxidation system that receives a gas comprising an oxidizable fuel into a reaction chamber having an inlet and an outlet and being configured to maintain an oxidation process, detecting when a temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber approaches or drops below a level such that the reaction chamber alone will not support oxidation of the fuel; and
changing, based on the temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber, an autoignition delay time within the reaction chamber sufficient for the gas to autoignite and oxidize while within the reaction chamber.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein changing the autoignition delay time comprises introducing additional heat into the reaction chamber, thereby increasing an internal chamber temperature to a level that will maintain oxidation of the fuel.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising changing the residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by altering flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising changing the residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by decreasing flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
16. The method of claim 12 , further comprising changing the residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by recirculating flow of the gas from the outlet to the inlet of the reaction chamber.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the reaction chamber maintains oxidation of the oxidizable fuel beneath a flameout temperature without a catalyst.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising expanding product gas from the reaction chamber in a turbine or a piston engine.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the oxidizable fuel comprises at least one of hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, propadiene, n-butane, iso-butane, butylene-1, butadiene, iso-pentane, n-pentane, acetylene, hexane, and carbon monoxide.
20. A method for oxidizing fuel, comprising:
receiving a gas comprising an oxidizable fuel into a reaction chamber;
determining a temperature of the gas within the reaction chamber;
when the temperature of the gas approaches or drops below a temperature level such that the reaction chamber alone will not support oxidation of the fuel, changing an autoignition delay time within the reaction chamber sufficient for the gas to autoignite and oxidize while within the reaction chamber and such that a flammability residence time of the gas within a flammability zone, defined as a volumetric fuel concentration between a lower flammability limit of the gas and an upper flammability limit of the gas, is less than the autoignition delay time.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein changing the autoignition delay time comprises decreasing the autoignition delay time.
22. The method of claim 20 , further comprising changing a chamber residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by altering flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising changing the chamber residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by decreasing flow of the gas through the reaction chamber.
24. The method of claim 20 , further comprising changing the chamber residence time of the gas within the reaction chamber by recirculating flow of the gas from an outlet to an inlet of the reaction chamber.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein the reaction chamber maintains oxidation of the oxidizable fuel beneath a flameout temperature without a catalyst.
26. The method of claim 20 , further comprising expanding product gas from the reaction chamber in a turbine or a piston engine.
27. The method of claim 20 , wherein the oxidizable fuel comprises at least one of hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, propadiene, n-butane, iso-butane, butylene-1, butadiene, iso-pentane, n-pentane, acetylene, hexane, and carbon monoxide.