System and method for automatically optimizing wireless power

1. A system for transferring energy wirelessly, comprising:

a source configured to transmit energy as an EM near-field according to parameters, wherein the source further comprises:

a transmit RF chain; and

a transmit controller; and

a sink configured to receive the energy, wherein the sink further comprises:

a receive RF chain; and

a receive controller configured to measure the energy received as feedback information and to transmit the feedback information to the sink, and wherein the transmit controller dynamically optimizes the parameters by scanning a sparse set of possible operating parameters and performing an incremental improvement on the parameters by an extremum-seeking optimization modifying at least one parameter using a sinusoidal perturbation to determine a corresponding sinusoidal perturbation of the energy and decreasing or increasing the parameter based on a sign of a slope of the sinusoidal perturbation of the energy.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sink is mobile.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the EM near-field is transmitted by a single resonator.

4. The system of claim 2 wherein the EM near-field is transmitted by an array of resonators arranged along a path of the mobile sink.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the path includes forks, loops, intersections, grids, or T-junctions.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sparse set of possible operating parameters is scanned linearly.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sparse set of possible operating parameters is scanned using a binary search.

8. The system of claim 1 , where the scanning is performed opportunistically.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extremum-seeking optimization is by sinusoidal excitation.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extremum-seeking optimization is by stochastic excitation.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extremum-seeking optimization is by stepwise hill-climbing.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the set of possible operating parameters is stored and reused.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein multiple mobile sink receive the energy.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein energy is time-sliced among the multiple mobile sinks.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sink is arranged in a vehicle.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sink is arranged in a personal electronic device.

17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the parameters relate to frequencies, phases, required power, impedance, position, priorities or combinations thereof.

18. A system for transferring energy wirelessly, comprising:

a sink; and

a source for transferring energy wirelessly to the sink, wherein the sink is configured to move to a relative position with respect to the source to receive the energy via resonant coupling of evanescent waves, the source comprising:

an array of objects, wherein each object is electromagnetic (EM) and non-radiative and generates an EM near-field in response to receiving the energy, wherein each object in the array is electrically isolated from the other objects and arranged at a distance from all other objects; and

a controller for scanning a set of possible operating frequencies of the EM near-field and for selecting, from the set of possible operating frequencies using an extremum-seeking optimization, a frequency optimizing the energy transfer, wherein the extremum-seeking optimization comprises:

modifying at least one parameter using a sinusoidal perturbation to determine a corresponding sinusoidal perturbation of the energy;

increasing a value of the parameter if a slope of the sinusoidal perturbation of the energy is positive; and

decreasing the value of the parameter if the slope of the sinusoidal perturbation of the energy is negative.