Tissue modeling in embryonic stem (ES) cell system
Provided are embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived tissue modeling systems. In particular, systems for the de novo generation of tissue by parallel drug selection of cell types constituting the tissue of interest in one culture of differentiating ES cells is described as well as the use of such systems in transplantation and drug development.
1. A method of modeling or producing a cardiac tissue comprising:
(a) obtaining cardiomyocytes, wherein a first population of pluripotent cells is differentiated into said cardiomyocytes, wherein said differentiation includes forming embryoid bodies and isolating cardiomyocytes from said embryoid bodies;
(b) obtaining fibroblasts, wherein a second population of pluripotent cells is differentiated into said fibroblasts;
(c) co-culturing the cardiomyocytes obtained in step (a) with the fibroblasts obtained in step (b);
(d) allowing integration and alignment of the cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts into a viable cardiac tissue;
wherein the cardiomyocytes acquire longitudinal morphology upon integration and alignment with the fibroblasts; and
wherein said viable cardiac tissue exhibits contractions for at least 2 weeks.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first population of pluripotent cells comprises a selectable marker gene operably linked to a cardiomyocyte-specific regulatory sequence.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said selectable marker gene confers resistance to puromycin.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first population of pluripotent cells comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a cardiomyocyte-specific regulatory sequence.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first population of pluripotent cells further comprises a selectable marker gene operably linked to a cardiomyocyte-specific regulatory sequence, and wherein said cardiomyocyte-specific regulator sequence operably linked to the reporter gene is the same as said cardiomyocytes-specific regulatory sequence operably linked to the selective marker gene.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said reporter gene is selected from different color versions of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP).
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein said marker gene and said reporter gene are contained in the same recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said marker gene and said reporter gene are contained in the same cistron.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein said cardiomyocyte-specific regulatory sequence is an atrial-specific regulatory sequence, ventricular specific regulatory sequence, or both an atrial and ventricular-specific regulatory sequence.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein said regulatory sequence is a promoter sequence and wherein said promoter sequence is an αMHC or MLC2V promoter sequence.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising analyzing the physiological or developmental status or both of the cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the status is analyzed by monitoring the differentiation of electrical activity of the cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts on an array.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said status is analyzed by recording the extracellular field potentials with a microelectrode array (MEA).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first and/or second population of pluripotent cells is genetically engineered to overexpress or inhibit the expression of a target gene.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cardiac tissue is produced and contained in a container.
16. The method of claim 15 , comprising taking three or more measurements, optionally at different positions within the container.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein said container is a well in a microtiter plate.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein said microtiter plate is a 24-, 96-, 384- or 1586-well plate.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising culturing the cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the presence of endothelial cells.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising analyzing the physiological and/or developmental status of the cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the status is analyzed by monitoring the differentiation of electrical activity of the cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells on an array.