Methods and apparatuses for operating nuclear reactors and for determining power levels in the nuclear reactors
An apparatus may include two or more electrical conductors, one or more signal devices, and an analyzer. The one or more signal devices may be adapted to apply one or more signals to the two or more electrical conductors and receive one or more signals from the two or more electrical conductors. The analyzer may be adapted to determine power level in the nuclear reactor using at least one of the applied signals and at least one of the received signals. A method of determining power level in a nuclear reactor may include: measuring impedance values of two or more electrical conductors disposed in the nuclear reactor and using the measured impedance values to determine the power level. A method of operating a nuclear reactor may include: measuring the impedance values and using the measured impedance values to determine parameters of the nuclear reactor.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
two or more electrical conductors configured to be at least partially disposed in a nuclear reactor;
an analyzer configured to determine electrical impedance values of the two or more electrical conductors based on (i) at least one signal applied to the two or more electrical conductors, and (ii) at least one reflected signal received from the two or more conductors, wherein a decrease in the electrical impedance values is proportional to an increase in gamma flux within the nuclear reactor; and
the analyzer configured to determine a power level in the nuclear reactor based on the determined electrical impedance values by determining a difference between a rate of change of a voltage amplitude of the at least one applied signal and a rate of change of a voltage amplitude of the at least one received signal.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the two or more electrical conductors are disposed completely within a core of the nuclear reactor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the two or more electrical conductors are part of a coaxial cable.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the coaxial cable comprises:
an inner conductor;
an outer conductor;
insulating dielectric material between the inner and outer conductors; and
fill gas.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the insulating dielectric material comprises inorganic material.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the fill gas comprises noble gas.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the insulating dielectric and the fill gas are both non-polarized.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more signal devices configured to apply and receive the signals to and from the two or more conductors.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein at least one of the one or more signal devices comprises a time-domain reflectometer (“TDR”).
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a velocity of propagation of the at least one signal applied to the electrical conductors, and the at least one reflected signal received from the electrical conductors, decreases in proportion to gamma flux.
11. A nuclear reactor, comprising:
the apparatus of claim 1 .
12. A system for determining power level in a nuclear reactor, comprising:
a nuclear reactor;
two or more electrical conductors configured to be at least partially disposed in a core of the nuclear reactor;
an analyzer configured to determine electrical impedance values of the two or more electrical conductors based on (i) at least one signal applied to the two or more conductors, and (ii) at least one reflected signal received from the two or more conductors, wherein a decrease in the electrical impedance values is proportional to an increase in gamma flux within the nuclear reactor; and
the analyzer configured to determine a power level in the nuclear reactor based on the determined electrical impedance values by determining a difference between a rate of change of a voltage amplitude of the at least one applied signal and a rate of change of a voltage amplitude of the at least one received signal.
13. The system of claim 12 , further comprising:
a control device, configured to calibrate other instrumentation of the nuclear reactor based on the determined power levels.