Highly-dispersed carbon nanotube-reinforced cement-based materials
A composite cement material is prepared from cement material and carbon nanotubes, wherein the carbon nanotubes are present from about 0.02 wt % to about 0.10 wt % based on weight of cement material. The process for preparing such cement compositions includes sonicating a mixture of a surfactant, water, and carbon nanotubes; and blending the dispersion and the cement material to form a cementitious paste. The process may also include curing the cementitious paste. The composite cement materials are useful in a variety of cement applications where a reduction in nanoscale flaws and fractures is desired.
1. A method of making a nanocomposite cementitious material, comprising sonicating an aqueous solution containing surfactant and carbon nanotubes to form a dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the solution, and mixing the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and a cement to form a nanocomposite cementitious material wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.048% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and further wherein the nanocomposite cementitious material exhibits a modified nanostructure so that the average values of stiffness and hardness of C-S-H, as determined by nanoindentation tests, are higher compared to the same cementitious material without carbon nanotubes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon nanotubes have lengths of about 10 to about 100 m and diameters of about 20 to about 40 nanometers.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein a weight ratio of surfactant to carbon nanotubes is about 1.5 to about 8.0.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein dispersion of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous solution containing surfactant occurs while sonicating the solution.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the sonicating is conducted using an ultrasonic energy of about 700 to about 4200 kJ/l.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the dispersion and cement are mixed at a water to cement ratio (w/c) of 0.2 to 0.6.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon nanotubes are dispersed in the aqueous solution that includes surfactant comprising polycarboxylate based superplasticizer.
8. A method of making a nanocomposite cementitious material, comprising sonicating an aqueous solution containing surfactant and carbon nanotubes to form a dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the solution, and mixing the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and a cement to form a nanocomposite cementitious material wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.1% by weight of the cement including the further step of curing the nanocomposite cementitious material, wherein the cured nanocomposite cementitious material has a Young's modulus that is at least 15% higher than that of the cured nanocomposite cementitious material in the absence of the carbon nanotubes at the age of 28 days and further wherein the nanocomposite cementitious material exhibits a modified nanostructure so that the average values of stiffness and hardness of C-S-H, as determined by nanoindentation tests, are higher compared to the same cementitious material without carbon nanotubes.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the nanocomposite cementitious material exhibits reduced autogenous shrinkage as compared to the same cementitious material without carbon nanotubes.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the nanocomposite cementitious material exhibits increased flexural strength as compared to the same cementitious material without carbon nanotubes.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein sonicating is conducted using an ultrasonic energy of about 2800 kJ/l.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cement is Portland cement and the carbon nanotubes are multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein sonicating the aqueous solution comprises sonicating the aqueous solution using an ultrasonic energy in the range from 700 to 3500 kJ/l; the surfactant to carbon nanotube weight ratio in the dispersion is in the range from about 4 to about 6.25; the surfactant comprises a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer; and the dispersion and cement are mixed at a water to cement ratio (w/c) of about 0.3 to about 0.5.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the cured nanocomposite cementitious material has a Young's modulus that is at least 25% higher than that of the cured nanocomposite cementitious material in the absence of the carbon nanotubes at the age of 28 days.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the cured nanocomposite cementitious material has a Young's modulus that is at least about 55% higher than that of the cured nanocomposite cementitious material in the absence of the carbon nanotubes at the age of 28 days.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the cured nanocomposite cementitious material has a Young's modulus that is at least 25% higher than that of the cured nanocomposite cementitious material in the absence of the carbon nanotubes at the age of 28 days.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the cured nanocomposite cementitious material has a Young's modulus that is at least about 55% higher than that of the cured nanocomposite cementitious material in the absence of the carbon nanotubes at the age of 28 days.
18. The method of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous solution have aspect ratios of greater than 1000, the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the surfactant comprises a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer that is present in an amount of about 0.08 to about 0.25 by weight of the cement.
19. The method of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous solution have aspect ratios of less than 1000, the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 0.1% by weight of the cement and the surfactant comprises a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer that is present in an amount of about 0.23 to about 0.38 by weight of the cement.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous solution have aspect ratios of greater than 1000, the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.02% to about 0.08% by weight of the cement and the surfactant comprises a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer that is present in an amount of about 0.08 to about 0.25 by weight of the cement.
21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous solution have aspect ratios of less than 1000, the carbon nanotubes are present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 0.1% by weight of the cement and the surfactant comprises a polycarboxylate based superplasticizer that is present in an amount of about 0.23 to about 0.38 by weight of the cement.