Highly-fluorescent and photo-stable chromophores for enhanced solar harvesting efficiency

1. A chromophore represented by formula I-a:

wherein:

i is 0;

A 0 is alkyl optionally substituted by a moiety selected from the group consisting of —NRR″, —OR, —COOR, —COR, —CONHR, —CONRR″, and —CN; wherein R is C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and R″ is hydrogen or C 1 -C 20 alkyl; and

D 1 and D 2 are each optionally substituted aryl, wherein the optionally substituted aryl group is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted phenanthrenyl, optionally substituted naphthacenyl, optionally substituted anthracenyl, and optionally substituted perylenyl.

2. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein A 0 is an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl.

3. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein the substituent for optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted phenanthrenyl, optionally substituted naphthacenyl, optionally substituted anthracenyl, or optionally substituted perylenyl is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and amino.

4. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein D 1 and D 2 are each independently phenyl optionally substituted by alkoxy or amino.

5. The chromophore of claim 1 , further represented by formula (III-a):

wherein:

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy, and amino.

6. A chromophore represented by formula (III-a):

wherein:

each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy, and amino;

A 0 is C 1 -C 40 alkyl or C 1 -C 20 haloalkyl; and

i is 0.

7. A wavelength conversion luminescent medium comprising an optically transparent polymer matrix and at least one luminescent dye comprising a chromophore of claim 1 .

8. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 7 , wherein the polymer matrix comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, amorphous polycarbonate, polystyrene, siloxane sol-gel, polyurethane, polyacrylate, and combinations thereof.

9. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 7 , wherein the refractive index of the polymer matrix material is in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.7.

10. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 7 , wherein the luminescent dye is present in the polymer matrix in an amount in the range of about 0.01 wt % to about 3 wt %.

11. A photovoltaic module comprising at least one photovoltaic device or solar cell, and a wavelength conversion luminescent medium according to claim 7 , wherein the wavelength conversion luminescent medium is positioned such that the incident light passes through the wavelength conversion luminescent medium prior to reaching the photovoltaic device or solar cell.

12. The photovoltaic module of claim 11 , wherein the wavelength conversion luminescent medium is a film having a thickness in the range of about 0.1 m to about 1 mm.

13. The photovoltaic module of claim 11 , wherein the photovoltaic device or solar cell comprises at least one device selected from the group consisting of a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride solar cell, a Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide solar cell, an amorphous Silicon solar cell, a microcrystalline Silicon solar cell, or a crystalline Silicon solar cell.

14. The photovoltaic module of claim 11 , further comprising a refractive index matching liquid or optical adhesive that is used to attach the wavelength conversion luminescent medium to a light incident surface of the photovoltaic device or solar cell.

15. The chromophore of claim 1 , represented by formula:

wherein:

A 0 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkoxy.