Lithium battery with reference electrode plated on an interior surface of a neutral metal can

1. A method of manufacturing a reference electrode for a lithium ion battery, comprising:

charging the battery to a threshold state-of-charge, wherein the battery includes a neutral metal can and a negative electrode; and

plating the reference electrode on an interior surface of the neutral metal can by electrically connecting the neutral metal can to the negative electrode, a neutral metal can potential being greater than a negative electrode potential.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising monitoring a voltage between the neutral metal can and the negative electrode while plating the reference electrode to determine a plating capacity.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a two-electrode lithium-ion battery is charged to the threshold state-of-charge, wherein the neutral metal can potential is greater than the negative electrode potential.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the two-electrode lithium-ion battery comprises a neutral aluminum can.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein an interior surface of the neutral aluminum can comprises bare, untreated aluminum.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference electrode is plated on the interior surface of the neutral metal can only after the battery is charged to the threshold state-of-charge.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein charging the battery to the threshold state-of-charge comprises charging the lithium ion battery to 20% of a sealed battery charge capacity.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neutral metal can comprises a sealed neutral metal can, and wherein manufacturing the reference electrode is performed without breaching the sealed neutral metal can.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein less than 1 weight percent of a battery lithium content is plated on the interior surface of the neutral metal can.

10. A method of manufacturing a reference electrode for a lithium ion battery, comprising:

electrically connecting an electrical power source to a neutral metal can and an electrode of the lithium ion battery; and

plating the reference electrode on an interior surface of the neutral metal can by directing current to the neutral metal can with the electrical power source.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrical power source is electrically connected to the neutral metal can and a lithiated negative electrode of the lithium ion battery.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrical power source is electrically connected to the neutral metal can and a positive electrode of the lithium ion battery.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the reference electrode comprises lithium plated directly on a bare interior surface of the neutral metal can.