Method, apparatus, and computer program product for secure distance bounding based on direction measurement
Method, apparatus, and computer program product example embodiments provide secure distance estimation based on direction measurement. According to an example embodiment of the invention, a method comprises receiving, by an apparatus ( 102 ) from a remote device ( 100 ), one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of departure information ( 160 ) of the remote device ( 100 ); determining in the apparatus ( 102 ), a first angle of departure and a second angle of departure from the received angle of departure information; and generating distance estimation data in the apparatus relative to the remote device ( 100 ), based on the determined first angle of departure and second angle of departure.
1. A method, comprising:
receiving, by an apparatus from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of departure information of the remote device;
sampling and decoding, by the apparatus, a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of departure information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determining in the apparatus, a first angle of departure and a second angle of departure from the received angle of departure information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generating distance estimation data in the apparatus relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of departure and second angle of departure, and on the separation distance.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of departure using a first antenna of the apparatus receiving the information packets and determining the second angle of departure using a second antenna of the apparatus receiving the information packets, the first antenna being spatially separate from the second antenna.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a first location and determining the second angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a first location and determining the second angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location by a separation distance that is measured with an acceleration sensor.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
calculating the distance estimation data based on a difference between the first angle of departure and second angle of departure.
6. An apparatus, comprising:
at least one processor;
at least one memory including computer program code;
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
receive from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of departure information of the remote device;
sample and decode a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of departure information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determine a first angle of departure and a second angle of departure from the received angle of departure information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generate distance estimation data relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of departure and second angle of departure, and on the separation distance.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising:
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
determine the first angle of departure using a first antenna of the apparatus receiving the information packets and determine the second angle of departure using a second antenna of the apparatus receiving the information packets, the first antenna being spatially separate from the second antenna.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising:
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
determine the first angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a first location and determine the second angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location.
9. The apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising:
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
determine the first angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a first location and determine the second angle of departure when the apparatus receives the information packets at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location by a separation distance that is measured with an acceleration sensor.
10. The apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising:
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
calculate the distance estimation data based on a difference between the first angle of departure and second angle of departure.
11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium readable in which computer executable program code is stored, the computer executable program code causing the apparatus to perform the following when executed by the processor:
receiving, by an apparatus from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of departure information of the remote device;
sampling and decoding, by the apparatus, a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of departure information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determining in the apparatus, a first angle of departure and a second angle of departure from the received angle of departure information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generating distance estimation data in the apparatus relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of departure and second angle of departure, and on the separation distance.
12. A method comprising:
receiving, by an apparatus from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of arrival information from the remote device;
sampling and decoding, by the apparatus, a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of arrival information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determining in the apparatus, a first angle of arrival and a second angle of arrival from the received angle of arrival information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generating distance estimation data in the apparatus relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of arrival and second angle of arrival, and on the separation distance.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of arrival using a first antenna array of the apparatus receiving the information packets and determining the second angle of arrival using a second antenna array of the apparatus receiving the information packets, the first antenna array being spatially separate from the second antenna array.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in an antenna array of the apparatus when the apparatus is at a first location and determining the second angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in the antenna array when the apparatus is at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
determining the first angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in an antenna array of the apparatus when the apparatus is at a first location and determining the second angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in the antenna array when the apparatus is at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location by a separation distance that is measured with an acceleration sensor.
16. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
calculating the distance estimation data based on a difference between the first angle of arrival and second angle of arrival.
17. An apparatus, comprising:
at least one processor;
at least one memory including computer program code;
the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:
receive from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of arrival information from the remote device;
sample and decode a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of arrival information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determine a first angle of arrival and a second angle of arrival from the received angle of arrival information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generate distance estimation data relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of arrival and second angle of arrival, and on the separation distance.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
determine the first angle of arrival using a first antenna array of the apparatus receiving the information packets and determine the second angle of arrival using a second antenna array of the apparatus receiving the information packets, the first antenna array being spatially separate from the second antenna array.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
determine the first angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in an antenna array of the apparatus when the apparatus is at a first location and determine the second angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in the antenna array when the apparatus is at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
determine the first angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in an antenna array of the apparatus when the apparatus is at a first location and determine the second angle of arrival when the apparatus receives the information packets in the antenna array when the apparatus is at a second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location, the first location being spatially separate from the second location by a separation distance that is measured with an acceleration sensor.
21. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
calculate the distance estimation data based on a difference between the first angle of arrival and second angle of arrival.
22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium readable in which computer executable program code is stored, the computer executable program code causing the apparatus to perform the following when executed by the processor:
receiving, by an apparatus from a remote device, one or more wireless packets including information packets containing angle of arrival information from the remote device;
sampling and decoding, by the apparatus, a reference data stream of direction estimation data in the received angle of arrival information, the sampling and decoding performed for first and second locations separated by a separation distance;
determining in the apparatus, a first angle of arrival and a second angle of arrival from the received angle of arrival information, based on the sampling and decoding performed for the first and second locations; and
generating distance estimation data in the apparatus relative to the remote device, based on a difference between the first angle of arrival and second angle of arrival, and on the separation distance.