Methods for treating an offgas containing carbon oxides
A method of treating an offgas includes purifying the offgas to remove particulate matter, water, undesirable gaseous components and inert gases to produce a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock, and converting at least a portion of carbon oxides in the dried carbon oxide gas feedstock into solid carbon. In other embodiments, a method includes passing a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock through a multi-stage catalytic converter. A first stage is configured to catalyze methane-reforming reactions to convert methane into carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen with residual methane. A second stage is configured to catalyze the Bosch reaction and convert carbon oxides and hydrogen to solid carbon and water.
1. A method of treating an offgas containing at least one carbon oxide gas, water vapor, and particulate matter to produce solid carbon from the carbon oxide gas, the method comprising:
purifying an offgas from at least one of an aluminum smelter or a steel smelter to remove at least a portion of particulate matter therefrom to produce an intermediate stream;
condensing water vapor from the intermediate stream to produce a dried carbon oxide feedstock gas;
mixing at least one reducing gas with the carbon oxide feedstock gas to form a reaction gas mixture;
converting at least a portion of the carbon in the reaction gas mixture to solid carbon and a tail gas stream containing water vapor; and
recycling at least a portion of the solid carbon to the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter to form the offgas and at least one of a metal matrix composite, electrodes for electric arc furnaces, carbon raisers, or high purity carbon reducing agents.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein recycling the at least a portion of the solid carbon to the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter comprises processing the solid carbon to form a recycle feedstock suitable for a least one application in the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter or as an additive to the product of the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein processing the solid carbon to form a recycle feedstock comprises forming carbon enhanced products.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the carbon enhanced products comprise metal matrix composites.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein processing the solid carbon to form a recycle feedstock comprises forming solid products comprising one or more of graphite, pyrolytic graphite, graphene, carbon black, fibrous carbon, buckminsterfullerenes, carbon nanotubes, or nanodiamonds.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein recycling at least a portion of the solid carbon to the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter comprises combining the at least a portion of the solid carbon with feed materials to the at least one of the aluminum smelter or the steel smelter.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising passing the intermediate stream through a gas separator and removing at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon from the intermediate stream.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein removing at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon from the intermediate stream comprises producing the dried carbon oxide feedstock gas comprising at least 90% carbon oxides.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein removing at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon from the intermediate stream comprises producing the dried carbon oxide feedstock gas comprising at least 95% carbon oxides.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein removing at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon from the intermediate stream comprises producing the dried carbon oxide feedstock gas comprising at least 98% carbon oxides.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein converting at least a portion of the carbon in the reaction gas mixture to solid carbon comprises converting at least a portion of the carbon in the reaction gas mixture into carbon nanotubes.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the at least one reducing gas to comprise an alkane, an alcohol, or a mixture thereof.