Electrochemical methods and devices for amending urine samples for immunosensor detection
The present invention is directed to methods and devices for amending undiluted and partially diluted urine samples in a manner suitable for performing immunoassays for target analytes, for example NGAL. Generally, the urine sample is treated with reagents including at least one of buffer materials, water soluble proteins, urease, and other interferent mitigants. These reagents control the pH of the urine sample in a manner suitable for immuno-binding reactions and ameliorate interferences, particularly during the detection step.
1. A device configured to perform an immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample to remove or reduce a urea concentration in the urine sample below a preselected urea threshold, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer; and
a second region comprising at least one electrode coated with a biolayer comprising an attached capture antibody configured to bind to the target analyte, which is different from that of the urea, wherein the second region is configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample,
wherein the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/mL.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the immunoassay is selected from the group consisting of a one-step immunoassay, a low wash immunoassay, and a homogenous immunoassay.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the buffer is configured to adjust a pH of the urine sample to within a preselected range; and
the buffer is selected from the group consisting of: glycine, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), tricine, acetate, borate, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), and 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid (TES).
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the reagents are a dissolvable solid matrix comprising a sugar and printed on the first region.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the urine sample is undiluted.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the target analyte is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the target analyte is selected from the group consisting of: human chorionic gonadotrophin, troponin I, troponin T, Chlamydia, Legionella , acetaminophen, amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone, opiates, phencyclidine, marijuana, and tricyclic antidepressants.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the preselected urea threshold is 10 mM.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the preselected urea threshold is 0.1 mM.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the reagents further comprise glutamine synthetase or any other urea cycle enzyme configured to consume ammonium.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the reagents further comprise a sequestering enzyme configured to reduce and sequester excess phosphate below a preselected phosphate threshold; and
the sequestering enzyme is adenylate kinase.
12. A device configured to perform an enzyme based immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample to remove or reduce a urea concentration in the urine sample below a preselected urea threshold, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer;
a second region comprising at least one electrode coated with a biolayer comprising an attached capture antibody configured to bind to the target analyte, which is different from that of the urea, wherein the second region is configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample; and
a third region configured to provide a limited wash solvent for the second region configured to wash the amended urine sample,
wherein the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/ml.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the limited wash is less than fifty times a volume of the amended urine sample and fewer than three independent sample additions of clean wash buffer.
14. A device configured to perform an immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer; and
a second region comprising at least one electrode configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample,
wherein the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/mL; and
wherein the reagents further comprise glutamine synthetase or any other urea cycle enzyme configured to consume ammonium.
15. A device configured to perform an immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer; and
a second region comprising at least one electrode configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample,
wherein:
the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/mL;
the reagents further comprise a sequestering enzyme configured to reduce and sequester excess phosphate below a preselected phosphate threshold; and
the sequestering enzyme is adenylate kinase.
16. A device configured to perform an enzyme based immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer;
a second region comprising at least one electrode configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample; and
a third region configured to provide a limited wash solvent for the second region configured to wash the amended urine sample,
wherein the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/ml; and
wherein the reagents further comprise glutamine synthetase or any other urea cycle enzyme configured to consume ammonium.
17. A device configured to perform an enzyme based immunoassay for a target analyte in a urine sample, the device comprising:
a first region comprising reagents configured to amend the urine sample, wherein the reagents comprise urease and a buffer;
a second region comprising at least one electrode configured to determine a concentration of the target analyte in the amended urine sample; and
a third region configured to provide a limited wash solvent for the second region configured to wash the amended urine sample,
wherein:
the first region is configured to provide a dissolved urease enzymatic activity within the amended urine sample in a range of about 10 to 10,000 IU/mL;
the reagents further comprise a sequestering enzyme configured to reduce and sequester excess phosphate below a preselected phosphate threshold; and
the sequestering enzyme is adenylate kinase.