Sensors for gas dosimetry

1. A gas dosimeter, comprising:

a housing configured with an opening to admit an analyte; and

a multivariate sensor disposed in the housing, wherein the sensor is configured to determine a concentration of the analyte over time, the multivariate sensor comprising an irreversible sensing material, wherein electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material are configured to change irreversibly upon exposure to the analyte, wherein the irreversible sensing material comprises an inactive matrix and an active additive, wherein the active additive comprises an active polymer and a dopant, wherein the dopant is configured to react with the analyte and form a reaction product upon exposure to the analyte, and wherein the reaction product is configured to react with the active polymer to irreversibly change the electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material.

2. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the inactive matrix comprises a polymer.

3. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the active polymer comprises polyaniline.

4. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises copper (II) acetate, zinc acetate, copper (II) chloride, iron (II) acetate, palladium chloride, or any combination thereof.

5. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the irreversible sensing material comprises a preconcentrator.

6. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , comprising a filter layer disposed adjacent the irreversible sensing material, wherein the filter layer is configured to enable passage of the analyte through the filter layer to the irreversible sensing material, block passage of interferences through the filter layer to the irreversible sensing material, or any combination thereof.

7. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the multivariate sensor comprises an RFID sensor, and the irreversible sensing material is disposed on a resonant antenna of the RFID sensor, across the resonant antenna and a memory chip of the RFID sensor, on the RFID sensor that is connected to the memory ship, or any combination thereof.

8. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the irreversible sensing material comprises conjugated polymers, carbon nanotubes, organometallic complexes, enzymatic systems, metallic films, nanoparticle films, metal organic frameworks, nanocomposites, a combination of a dielectric material and a semiconducting material, a combination of the dielectric material and a conducting material, a combination of a polymer and a metal salt, a combination of a plurality of the polymers and the metal salt, a combination of a polymer and an organic metal complex, or any combination thereof.

9. The gas dosimeter of claim 1 , wherein the analyte comprises hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, arsine, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, methanethiol, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine dioxide, oxygen, chlorine, phosgene, bromine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, trinitrotoluene, triacetone triperoxide, explosives, or any combination thereof.

10. A multivariate sensor, comprising:

an irreversible sensing material, comprising:

a first matrix configured to provide a first output indicative of the concentration of an analyte over time; and

a second matrix configured to provide a second output to correct for environmental interference effects, wherein electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material are configured to change irreversibly upon exposure to the analyte; and

wherein the first matrix comprises a first inactive matrix and a first active additive, wherein the first active additive comprises a first active polymer and a first dopant, wherein the first dopant is configured to react with an analyte and form a reaction product upon exposure to the analyte, and wherein the reaction product is configured to react with the first active polymer to irreversibly change the electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material.

11. The multivariate sensor of claim 10 , wherein the second matrix comprises a second inactive matrix and a second active additive.

12. The multivariate sensor of claim 11 , wherein the second active additive comprises a second active polymer and a second dopant.

13. The multivariate sensor of claim 10 , wherein the multivariate sensor comprises a resonant circuit, an RFID sensor, a multivariable sensor transducer, or any combination thereof.

14. The multivariate sensor of claim 10 , wherein the electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material comprise dielectric properties, dimensional properties, charge transfer properties, a complex impedance of the sensor resonance, or any combination thereof.

15. A multivariate dosimeter sensor, comprising:

at least two transducers configured to generate at least two signals;

an irreversible sensing material disposed on the at least two transducers, wherein the irreversible sensing material comprises an inactive matrix and an active additive, wherein the active additive comprises an active polymer and a dopant, wherein the dopant is configured to react with an analyte and form a reaction product upon exposure to the analyte, and wherein the reaction product is configured to react with the active polymer to irreversibly change electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material; and

an RFID device comprising an integrated circuit chip configured to receive the at least two signals.

16. The multivariate dosimeter sensor of claim 15 , wherein the at least two transducers comprise capacitive transducers, resistive transducers, inductive transducers, work function transducers, mass transducers, optical transducers, or any combination thereof.

17. The multivariate dosimeter sensor of claim 16 , comprising at least three transducers configured to generate at least three signals, wherein the irreversible sensing material is disposed on the at least three transducers, and the at least three transducers comprise capacitive transducers, resistive transducers, inductive transducers, work function transducers, mass transducers, optical transducers, or any combination thereof.

18. The multivariate dosimeter sensor of claim 16 , wherein the reaction product is configured to react with the active polymer to irreversibly change electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material via an irreversible chemical reaction that generates additional reaction products, and control of the irreversible response is provided by precipitation, aggregation, acid-base reaction, donor-acceptor complex formation, dewetting, coalescence, clustering, oxidation, reduction, or corrosion of the additional reaction products, or irreversible morphological change or dissolution change of the irreversible sensing material.

19. A multivariate dosimeter sensor node, comprising:

a first transducer configured to generate a first signal;

a second transducer configured to generate a second signal;

an irreversible sensing material disposed on both the first transducer and the second transducer, wherein the irreversible sensing material comprises an inactive matrix and an active additive, wherein the active additive comprises an active polymer and a dopant, wherein the dopant is configured to react with an analyte and form a reaction product upon exposure to the analyte, and wherein the reaction product is configured to react with the active polymer to irreversibly change electrical properties of the irreversible sensing material; and

an RFID device comprising an integrated circuit chip configured to receive the first and second signals.

20. The multivariate dosimeter sensor node of claim 19 , wherein the multivariate dosimeter sensor node comprises a standalone sensor node and is part of a sensor network.

21. The multivariate dosimeter sensor node of claim 19 , wherein the first and second transducers comprise capacitive transducers, resistive transducers, inductive transducers, work function transducers, mass transducers, optical transducers, or any combination thereof, and the first and second transducers are different from one another.