Customized color patterning of photovoltaic cells
Photovoltaic cells and photovoltaic modules, as well as methods of making and using such photovoltaic cells and photovoltaic modules, are disclosed. More particularly, embodiments of the photovoltaic cells selectively reflect visible light to provide the photovoltaic cells with a colorized appearance. Photovoltaic modules combining colorized photovoltaic cells may be used to harvest solar energy while providing a customized appearance, e.g., an image or pattern.
1. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a device layer having a cell surface; and
a film having a film surface over the cell surface, wherein the film is configured to reflect a predetermined wavelength of visible light from the film surface and the cell surface in a direction away from the device layer,
wherein the film includes a first optical thickness at a first location such that rays of the visible light respectively reflected in the direction from the film surface and the cell surface interfere constructively at the first location,
wherein the film includes a second optical thickness at a second location of the film such that rays of another predetermined wavelength of the visible light respectively reflected in the direction from the film surface and the cell surface interfere constructively at the second location, and
wherein the first optical thickness is different from the second optical thickness.
2. A photovoltaic module comprising:
a first set of photovoltaic cells, each photovoltaic cell in the first set including a first cell surface under a first film;
a second set of photovoltaic cells, each photovoltaic cell in the second set including a second cell surface under a second film, wherein the second film differs from the first film such that the first set of photovoltaic cells and the second set of photovoltaic cells respectively reflect a first wavelength and a different second wavelength of visible light in a direction away from the photovoltaic module; and
a receiving substrate supporting the first set of photovoltaic cells and the second set of photovoltaic cells on a support surface, wherein respective reflections from the first set of photovoltaic cells and the second set of photovoltaic cells visually combine into an image on the photovoltaic module.
3. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the first set of photovoltaic cells is horizontally spaced apart from the second set of photovoltaic cells on a plane of the photovoltaic module.
4. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the first set of photovoltaic cells is stacked above the second set of photovoltaic cells out of a plane of the photovoltaic module.
5. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the first wavelength and the second wavelength differ by at least 10 nm.
6. The photovoltaic module of claim 5 , wherein the first film includes a first optical thickness and the second film includes a second optical thickness different from the first optical thickness.
7. The photovoltaic module of claim 6 , wherein the first optical thickness equals half of the first wavelength and the second optical thickness equals half of the second wavelength.
8. The photovoltaic module of claim 7 , wherein the first film has a first film thickness corresponding to the first optical thickness and the second film has a second film thickness corresponding to the second optical thickness, and wherein at least one of the first film thickness and the second film thickness is greater than 75 nm.
9. The photovoltaic module of claim 6 , wherein the first film includes a first material and the second film includes a second material different from the first material.
10. The photovoltaic module of claim 9 , wherein the first material and the second material are selected from the group consisting of nitrides and oxides.
11. The photovoltaic module of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the first film and the second film includes multiple layers.
12. The photovoltaic module of claim 5 , wherein the first set of photovoltaic cells is electrically coupled with the second set of photovoltaic cells, wherein the first set of photovoltaic cells includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells electrically coupled in series, wherein the second set of photovoltaic cells includes a plurality of photovoltaic cell subsets, wherein the photovoltaic cell subsets are electrically coupled in parallel, and wherein each of the photovoltaic cell subsets includes a plurality of photovoltaic cells electrically coupled in series.
13. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the image is a camouflage pattern.
14. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the receiving substrate is configured to flex such that the support surface includes a bend radius of less than 20 mm.