Systems and methods for directional drilling
An underground directional drilling system can comprise a plurality of elongated dual-shaft segments coupled together end-to-end in a drilling string. The segments include an inner shaft that is independently rotable relative to an annular outer shaft, with the inner shafts being coupled together and the outer shafts being coupled together. The plurality of dual-shaft segments can comprise a communication segment that comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a gap portion between the first and second electrodes that provides electrical insulation therebetween, and an electronic communication controller electrically coupled to the first and second electrodes. The communication controller is configured to generate voltage differences between the electrodes that cause electrical pulses to periodically transfer between the electrodes through the gap portion to wirelessly communicate drilling related data from underground to the surface.
1. A communication segment for use in a dual-shaft underground directional drilling system, the communication segment comprising:
an elongated inner shaft, and an elongated annular outer shaft positioned around the inner shaft;
wherein the inner and outer shafts are rotatable independently of each other about a common longitudinal rotation axis;
wherein the inner shaft is configured to be coupled to inner shafts of adjacent segments of the dual-shaft underground directional drilling system such that, when coupled together, the inner shaft can transfer forces between the inner shafts of the adjacent segments;
wherein the outer shaft is configured to be coupled to outer shafts of adjacent segments of the dual-shaft underground directional drilling system such that, when coupled together, the outer shaft can transfer forces between the outer shafts of the adjacent segments;
wherein the outer shaft further comprises a first longitudinal portion, a second longitudinal portion, and a gap portion between the first and second longitudinal portions that provides electrical insulation between the first and second longitudinal portions;
wherein the first longitudinal portion comprises an electronic communication controller and a first electrode electrically coupled to the communication controller, and the second longitudinal portion comprises a second electrode electrically coupled to the electronic communication controller;
wherein the electronic communication controller is configured to generate a voltage difference between the first and second electrodes sufficient to cause an electrical pulse to transfer from one of the first and second electrodes, through the gap portion, and to the other of the first and second electrodes, and without the inner shaft forming an electrical connection between the first and second electrodes; and
wherein the electronic communication controller is configured to generate a plurality of such electrical pulses at modulated frequencies to wirelessly communicate drilling related data from an underground drilling location to an above ground location.
2. The communication segment of claim 1 , wherein the inner shaft and the outer shaft are comprised of non-magnetic material.
3. The communication segment of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical power source electrically coupled to the electronic communication controller.
4. The communication segment of claim 1 , wherein the communication segment is operable to communicate the drilling-related data via the generated electrical pulses to an above ground receiver when the communication segment is located in a range from 200 to 15,000 feet vertically underground.
5. The communication segment of claim 1 , wherein the communication segment further comprise at least one sensor electrically coupled to the electronic communication controller, such that data from the at least one sensor can be encoded in wireless communications to the above ground location.
6. The communication segment of claim 5 , wherein the data from the at least one sensor comprises one or more of gamma ray data, vibration data, torque data, rotation speed data, pressure data, temperature data, pitch data, and yaw data.
7. The communication segment of claim 5 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises a receiver configured to receive drilling related data from another sensor located in a different segment of the underground directional drilling system.
8. The communication segment of claim 5 , wherein the at least one sensor comprises an RF receiver configured to wirelessly receive drilling related data from another sensor located in a different segment of the underground directional drilling system.
9. The communication segment of claim 7 , wherein the receiver is configured to receive data from a gyroscopic tool located in another segment of the underground directional drilling system that is closer than the communication segment to a distal end of the underground directional drilling system.