Membrane electrode assemblies

1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising

(i) at least one phosphoric acid-containing polymer electrolyte membrane said polymer being a basic polymer and

(ii) two gas diffusion electrodes one of each located at both sides of said membrane,

(iii) each of the gas diffusion electrodes having at least one catalyst layer facing towards the membrane,

(iv) at least one of said gas diffusion electrodes having said at least one catalyst layer facing towards the membrane consists of:

(a) at least one gas diffusion medium comprising an electrically conductive macroporous layer in which the pores have a mean pore diameter in the range from 10 μm to 30 μm,

(b) at least one micro porous layer arranged between said gas diffusion medium and said catalyst layer facing towards the membrane,

(v) said microporous layer (MPL) and said gas diffusion medium suitable as a base for either anode or cathode catalyst layers, having:

(a) a pore void volume range of between 0.8 mL/g and 1.6 mL/g and

(b) a pore hydrophobicity measured by a Cobb Titration test between 60% Ethanol:Water and 80% Ethanol:Water,

(vi) a cathode gas diffusion electrode as defined in (iv) consisting of said gas diffusion medium, microporous layer and catalyst layer having:

(a) a pore void volume of X, whereby 0.8 mL/g<X<1.0 mL/g/total pore volume

(b) a pore hydrophobicity measured by the Cobb Titration test between 60% Ethanol:Water and 80% Ethanol:Water

(vii) a cathode catalyst layer of (vi) as defined in (iv) having:

(a) a pore void volume of X, whereby 0.05 mL/g<X<0.10 mL/g/total pore volume and

(b) a pore hydrophobicity measured by the Cobb Titration test between 50% Ethanol:Water and 70% Ethanol:Water,

(viii) an anode gas diffusion electrode as defined in (iv) consisting of said gas diffusion medium, microporous layer and catalyst layer having:

(a) a pore void volume of X, whereby 0.85 mL/g<X<1.0 mL/g/total pore volume and

(b) a pore hydrophobicity measured by the Cobb Titration test between 50% Ethanol:Water and 70% Ethanol:Water and:

(ix) an anode catalyst layer of (viii) as defined in (iv) having:

(a) a pore void volume of X, whereby 0.05 mL/g<X<0.10 mL/g/total pore volume and

(b) a pore hydrophobicity measured by the Cobb Titration test between 50% Ethanol:Water and 70% Ethanol:Water.

2. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the polymer electrolyte membrane provides a proton conductivity of the membrane without humidification of at least 100 mS/cm at 160° C.

3. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the polymer electrolyte membrane comprises said basic polymer having at least a nitrogen atom in the repeat unit of the polymer.

4. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the polymer electrolyte membrane comprises at least one basic polymer having an aromatic ring having at least one nitrogen atom in the repeat unit of the polymer.

5. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the aromatic ring is a five- or six-membered ring having one to three nitrogen atoms, which may be fused to another ring.

6. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the micro porous layer is a part of the gas diffusion medium facing towards the catalyst layer.

7. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the gas diffusion medium has a thickness in the range from 80 μm to 2000 μm.

8. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the gas diffusion medium has a conductivity (through-plane resistivity) of <10mOhmcm 2 as measured per ASTM C-611.

9. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the gas diffusion medium has a basis weight of 90-120 g/m 2 for cloth substrates and a basis weight of 30-100 g/m 2 for paper substrates.

10. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the micro porous layer has a thickness in the range from 25 μm to 100 μm.

11. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the mean pore diameter in the micro porous layer ranges from 10 μm to 30 μm.

12. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the total amount of hydrophobic, fluorine containing, binder in the micro porous layer ranges from 15% by weight to 50% by weight whereby this percentage is measured as a fraction of binder weight to total binder plus carbon black weight.

13. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the macroporous layer comprises carbon black particles, with a particle size less than 100 nm.

14. A fuel cell comprising at least one membrane electrode assembly according to claim 1 .

15. The membrane electrode assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the gas diffusion medium has a conductivity (through-plane resistivity) of <15mOhmcm 2 when coated with a micro porous layer as measured per ASTM C-611.