Method for generating biocompatible three-dimensional objects or surfaces by laser irradiation, such objects, the use thereof and starting materials for the method

1. Process for the production of three-dimensional, self-supporting and/or substrate-supported formed pieces or of structures on surfaces by means of a site-selective solidification of a liquid to pasty, organically modified material within a bath comprising this material by means of two-photon or multiphoton polymerization, whereby the material contains groups or radicals that are available for an inorganic crosslinking or are already inorganically crosslinked, and wherein both an organic radical polymerizable via two-photon or multiphoton polymerization and a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical must be contained in the material, wherein the material comprises an initiator for said two-photon or multiphoton polymerization and one or more components, selected from compounds having an organic radical polymerizable via two-photon or multiphoton polymerization and compounds which carry at least one biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical, providing that if at least one purely organic compound which has both an organic radical polymerizable via two-photon or multiphoton polymerization and a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical is present in the material, this compound is selected from among compounds of formula (A)

R′—CHR″—O—C(O)—CR′″—CH 2   (A)

wherein the radical R′″ is H or CH 3 and wherein R′CHR″ is derived from a compound R′—CHR″OH, selected from among

(a) monosaccharides, selected from the group consisting of aldo- and keto-pentoses, -hexoses and -heptoses with at least one free hydroxyl group, wherein the non-free hydroxyl groups are present in the protected form,

dimeric, oligomeric or polymeric carbohydrates, which contain at least one of said monosaccharides,

(b) monomeric or oligomeric or polymeric sugar alcohols, obtainable by means of reduction of the aldehyde or keto group in the molecules mentioned under (a), or

(c) saturated monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric monohydroxy acids as well as their lactones and lactides, selected from among α-hydroxy acids and ω-hydroxy acids.

2. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical is such a radical that has at least one group, which is selected from among —O—, —OC(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)NH—, —NHC(O)O—, —C(O)OC(O)— and —C(O)O—, and/or that is split in the human or animal body under physiological conditions or due to the involvement of microorganisms.

3. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the bath material contains an organically modified polysiloxane, which is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of a starting material, which contains at least one silane of formula (I)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (I)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or wherein the bath material has at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (I) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is identical or different and is an organic radical not polymerizable in this way, R 3 represents an alkoxy group, and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 0, 1 or 2 and a+b together are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

4. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the bath material contains an organically modified polysiloxane, which is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of at least one silane of formula (Ia)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ia)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ia) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical or has such a radical, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 1 or 2 and a+b together are 2 or 3.

5. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the bath material contains an organically modified polysiloxane, which is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of a starting material, which contains at least one silane of formula (Ib)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ib)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or wherein the bath material contains at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ib) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, which additionally has a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable portion, R 2 represents an organic radical not polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 0, 1 or 2 and a+b together are 1, 2 or 3.

6. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the bath material has at least one purely organic compound with a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical as well as either an organically modified polysiloxane, which is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of at least one silane of formula (Ia)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ia′)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ia′) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical or has such a radical, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 0, 1 or 2, and a+b together are 1, 2 or 3.

7. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the organically modified material contains at least one purely organic compound, which has an organic radical polymerizable via two-photon or multiphoton polymerization as well as either an organically modified polysiloxane, which is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of at least one silane of formula (Ia)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ia″)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ia″) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical or has such a radical, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 1 or 2, and a+b together are 1, 2 or 3.

8. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the organically modified material contains

at least one organically modified polysiloxane, which was obtained or is obtainable by means of hydrolysis and at least partial condensation of at least one silane of formula (Ia′)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ia′),

and

at least partial condensation of at least one silane of formula (Ia″)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (Ia″),

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ia′) and at least one not yet hydrolytically condensed compound (Ia″) and possibly compounds of type (II) and/or (III), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical or has such a radical, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis,

subscript a is 1, 2 or 3, and subscript b is 0, 1 or 2 in formula Ia′,

subscript a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and subscript b is 1 or 2 in formula Ia″,

and a+b together are 1, 2 or 3.

9. Process in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the organically modified material comprises at least one purely organic compound, which has both an organic radical polymerizable via two-photon or multiphoton polymerization and a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical and the bath material additionally contains an organopolysiloxane, which is obtainable exclusively or additionally by means of at least partial hydrolytic condensation of at least one silane of formula (I)

R 1 a R 2 b SiX 4-a-b   (I)

as well as possibly additionally at least one compound of the type

M III (OR 3 ) 3   (II)

and/or of the type

M IV (OR 3 ) 4   (III)

and/or not yet hydrolytically condensed compounds (I) and possibly (II) and/or (III), whereby M is selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum and transition metals, and

either R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is identical or different and is an organic radical not polymerizable in this way, R 3 represents an alkoxy group, and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 0, 1 or 2 and a+b together are 0, 1, 2 or 3;

or R 1 is identical or different and represents an organic radical polymerizable via two- or multiphoton polymerization, R 2 is a biocompatible, biodegradable or bioresorbable radical or has such a radical, R 3 represents an alkoxy group and X is —OH or a radical hydrolytically condensable under conditions of hydrolysis, subscript a is 1, 2 or 3, subscript b is 1 or 2 and a+b together are 2 or 3.

10. Process in accordance with claim 3 , wherein R 1 in formula (I) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

11. Process in accordance with claim 1 , characterized in that different degrees of crosslinking are obtained within the molding by the radiation being carried out with different intensity gradients.

12. Process in accordance with claim 4 , wherein R 1 in formula (Ia) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

13. Process in accordance with claim 6 , wherein R 1 in formula (Ia′) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

14. Process in accordance with claim 7 , wherein R 1 in formula (Ia″) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

15. Process in accordance with claim 5 , wherein R 1 in formula (Ib) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

16. Process in accordance with claim 8 , wherein R 1 in formula (Ia′) or in formula (Ia″) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

17. Process in accordance with claim 9 , wherein R 1 in formula (I) is a radical containing a nonaromatic C═C double bond, and/or wherein X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy or NR 3 2 with R 3 equal to hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

18. Process according to claim 2 , wherein said radical has at least one group, selected from the group consisting of —OC(O)O—, —NHC(O)NH—, and —C(O)OC(O)—, or at least two groups, selected from the group consisting of an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms, —OC(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)NH—, —NHC(O)O—, —C(O)OC(O)— and —C(O)O—.

19. Process according to claim 11 , wherein different intensity gradients are obtained by lowering the intensity and expanding the focus.