Metal-catalyzed coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with alpha, alpha-difluorocarbonyl compounds

1. A composition comprising:

(i) a precursor compound having the formula

R P —X L ,

wherein R P is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted vinyl; and X L is a member selected from Cl, Br, and I;

(ii) an α,α-difluoro synthon having a formula selected from:

wherein R F is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl OR z1 and NR z2 R z3 ,

R F1 is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,

wherein R z1 is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and acyl; and

R z2 and R z3 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, acyl and sulfonyl, and R z2 and R z3 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 4-8 membered ring, which is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring system;

Z o is selected from H or Si(R 30 ) 3 , in which each R 30 is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, halogen, amino, and two or more of R 30 , together with the Si atom to which they are attached are optionally joined to form a 4-8-membered ring,

wherein, Z o is Si(R 30 ) 3 , the silicon enolate can have Si bound to a member selected from the alpha carbon, oxygen or a combination thereof; and

R s1 , R s2 , and R s3 are independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

(iii) a complex comprising palladium and a ligand, wherein said ligand comprises a trialkylphosphine moiety, wherein, when R F is substituted or unsubstituted aryl at least one of the alkyl groups of said trialkylphosphine is not a tertiary alkyl group; and

(iv) a base.

2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said complex is present in said composition in an amount of less than 10 mol % relative to said α,α-difluoromethyl synthon.

3. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said complex is present in said composition in an amount of less than 10 mol % relative to said silyl enol ether.

4. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said composition does not contain Bu 3 SnF.

5. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said composition does not contain an organotin reagent.

6. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein R s1 , R s2 , and R s3 are independently selected from unsubstituted C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 and C 6 alkyl.

7. The composition according to claim 6 , wherein one or more of R s1 , R s2 , and R s3 are methyl.

8. The composition according to claim 1 , further comprising a solvent.

9. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said complex has the formula:

wherein

X c is a halogen or sufonate; and

R c1 , R c2 , and R c3 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted branched hydrocarbon and substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle.

10. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said precursor compound has the formula:

wherein

R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently members selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , acyl, —SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , —NR 9 R 10 , —OR 9 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —C(O)R 9 , —COOR 9 , —CONR 9 R 10 , —S(O) 2 OR 9 , —OC(O)R 9 , —C(O)NR 9 R 10 , —NR 9 C(O)R 10 , —NR 9 SO 2 R 10 and —NO 2 , wherein two or more of R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 , together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a ring system which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,

wherein

R 9 and R 10 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and R 9 and R 10 , together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

X L is a member selected from Cl, Br, and I.

11. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein R P is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted five-membered heterorayl and substituted or unsubstituted six-membered heteroaryl.

12. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said precursor compound has the formula:

wherein

R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are independently members selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , acyl, —SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , —NR 9 R 10 , —OR 9 , —S(O) 2 R 9 , —C(O)R 9 , —COOR 9 , —CONR 9 R 10 , —S(O) 2 OR 9 , —OC(O)R 9 , —C(O)NR 9 R 10 , —NR 9 C(O)R 10 , —NR 9 SO 2 R 10 and —NO 2 , wherein two or more of R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 , together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a ring system which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,

wherein

R 9 and R 10 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and R 9 and R 10 , together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring.

13. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein said complex is generated in situ.

14. A method of forming a compound having the formula:

wherein

R F is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, OR z1 and NR z2 R z3 ,

such that when R F is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, this group does not include enolizable hydrogens a to the carbonyl moiety,

wherein

R z1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and acyl, and

R z2 and R z3 are independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, acyl and sulfonyl, and

R z2 and R z3 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 4-8 membered ring, which is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring system; and

R P is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted vinyl;

said method comprising:

(a) forming a composition according to claim 1 ; and

(b) incubating said composition under conditions appropriate to form said compound by coupling the precursor compound with the α,α-difluoromethyl synthon.

15. A method of forming a difluoromethyl compound having the formula:

wherein R P is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted vinyl;

said method comprising:

(a) forming a composition according to claim 1 ;

(b) incubating said composition under conditions appropriate to form a compound having the formula:

wherein R F is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

(c) cleaving the compound formed in step (b) with base to form said difluoromethyl compound.

16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the base in step (c) is aqueous KOH.

17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein step (c) is performed in situ.

18. A method of forming a difluoroacetate having the formula:

wherein R F is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R P is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted vinyl;

said method comprising:

(a) forming a composition according to claim 1 ;

(b) incubating said composition under conditions appropriate to form a compound having the formula

and

(c) reacting the compound formed in step (b) with an oxidizing agent to form said difluoroacetate.

19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein said oxidizing agent is mCPBA.

20. The method according to claim 18 , further comprising the step of filtering the composition between steps (b) and (c).

21. A palladium complex having a formula selected from:

22. The composition according to claim 9 , wherein

X c is methanesulfonate.

23. The composition according to claim 9 , wherein

R c1 , R c2 , and R c3 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted branched tert-butyl and substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.