Method for forming nanoparticles having predetermined shapes
Articles and methods for forming nanostructures having unique and/or predetermined shapes are provided. The methods and articles may involve the use of nucleic acid containers as structural molds. For instance, a pre-designed nucleic acid container including a cavity may be used to control the shape-specific growth of nanoparticles. Growth of the nanoparticles within the cavities may be confined by the specific shape of the nucleic acid container. In some embodiments, the resulting nucleic acid-nanoparticle structures can be used to control the orientation and numbers of surface ligands on the surface of nanoparticles. The addressability of the surface ligands can be used to form higher ordered assemblies of the structures.
1. A method comprising:
growing a nanoparticle from a nanoparticle precursor inside a nucleic acid container by applying a stimulus to the nanoparticle precursor positioned inside of the nucleic acid container, wherein the nucleic acid container is a template for formation of the nanoparticle, wherein the nanoparticle has a different shape than the nanoparticle precursor, wherein the nanoparticle comprises at least one surface portion having a shape that is complementary to a shape of an inner surface portion of the nucleic acid container having a predetermined three-dimensional structure at the sub-nanometer level, and wherein the nanoparticle and the nucleic acid container have a three-dimensional shape that includes at least 4 different sides.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises an inorganic nanoparticle.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle precursor comprises a monomer of an organic polymer, an enzyme, or a peptide.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle precursor has a cross-sectional dimension of less than or equal to 50 nm.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle has a shape that is complementary to a shape of the inner surfaces of the nucleic acid container.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle is an inorganic nanoparticle.
7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a polymer.
8. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle has at least one cross-sectional dimension that is less than or equal to 1 micron.
9. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle has an aspect ratio of at least 2:1.
10. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising attaching an isolated nucleic acid strand comprising DNA and/or RNA to a surface of the nanoparticle.
11. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises a cavity having a volume, and at least 60% -of the volume is filled with the nanoparticle.
12. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises a cavity in the shape of a polyhedron.
13. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises at least one lid that can be open or closed.
14. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises a cavity, and a cross-sectional dimension of the cavity is less than or equal to 1 micron.
15. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises a nucleic acid having a molecular weight of at least 640 kDa.
16. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid container comprises a cavity having a pre-designed three-dimensional structure, and the shape of the nanoparticle is formed, at least in part, by molding against the cavity.
17. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the growing step comprises controlling ion diffusion kinetics to control the growth kinetics and/or composition of the nanoparticle.
18. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising attaching a protein, a peptide, a marker, or a second nanoparticle to a surface of the nanoparticle.
19. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle is formed using a nanoparticle precursor solution.
20. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the stimulus is an external force, a chemical component.
21. A method as in claim 20 , wherein the stimulus is selected from the group consisting of heat, light, pressure, electrical potential, magnetic force, electromagnetic force, a chemical component.