Ultrasound technology to control the spatial organization of cells and proteins in engineered tissues

1. A method of producing a vascularized tissue construct in an in vitro culture system, said method comprising:

providing an in vitro culture system comprising endothelial cells and an unpolymerized biological support material;

placing the in vitro culture system in an ultrasound exposure chamber;

exposing the in vitro culture system to an ultrasound standing wave field comprising an acoustic frequency between 0.02 MHz-20 MHz, said exposing does not affect cell viability and is carried out for a duration suitable to organize the endothelial cells into two or more three-dimensional sheets or columns of endothelial cells, wherein said sheets or columns of endothelial cells are spatially arranged into different planes within the unpolymerized biological support material and are capable of forming, in vitro, lumen containing neovessels that extend within and/or between said three-dimensional sheets or columns;

polymerizing the biological support material comprising the spatially arranged three-dimensional sheets or columns of endothelial cells; and

incubating the polymerized biological support material comprising the spatially arranged three-dimensional sheets or columns of endothelial cells to form the lumen-containing neovessels that extend within and/or between said different planes of the polymerized biological support to produce a vascularized tissue construct.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

exposing the spatially arranged three-dimensional sheets or columns of endothelial cells to an ultrasound traveling wave field prior to, during, or after said incubating.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the biological support material comprises a gel selected from the group consisting of collagens, fibrin, hydrogel, growth factor reduced Matrigel, and Matrigel.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the in vitro culture system further comprises a three-dimensional biological support selected from the group consisting of filaments, meshes, foams, gels, ceramics, and acellularized extracellular matrix material.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the in vitro culture system further comprises one or more additional cell types.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the one or more additional cell types are selected from the group consisting of smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, cardiac myocytes, platelets, epithelial cells, urothelial cells, fibroblasts, embryonic fibroblasts, myoblasts, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, bile duct cells, pancreatic islet cells, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, testicular, salivary gland cells, adipocytes, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, neural cells, endothelial progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells, and precursor cells.

7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the vascularized tissue construct is selected from the group consisting of a vascularized muscular construct, a vascularized esophageal construct, a vascularized intestinal construct, a vascularized rectal construct, a vascularized ureteral construct, a vascularized cartilaginous construct, a vascularized cardiac construct, a vascularized liver construct, a vascularized bladder construct, a vascularized kidney construct, a vascularized pancreatic construct, a vascularized skeletal construct, a vascularized filamentous/ligament construct, a vascularized lung construct, a vascularized neural construct, a vascularized bone construct, and a vascularized skin construct.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the in vitro culture system further comprises one or more particles that are responsive to the ultrasound wave field.

9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the one or more particles is selected from the group consisting of a microparticle, a nanoparticle, a microbubble, and a cell.

10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein a biologically active peptide, protein, or protein mimetic is attached to the one or more particles.

11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the biologically active peptide, protein, or protein mimetic comprises a fibronectin peptide, protein or protein mimetic.

12. The method according claim 1 , wherein the ultrasound standing wave field is generated using a continuous wave or pulsed signal at a frequency range of 0.02 MHz to 20 MHz.

13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the in vitro culture system is exposed to the ultrasound wave field for a duration of 10 seconds to 60 minutes.

14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the in vitro culture system is exposed to multiple ultrasound wave fields.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said incubating is carried out in vitro.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lumen-containing neovessels extend between said different planes of the polymerized biological support material.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein during said incubating, lumen-containing neovessels formed from endothelial cells in one of the three-dimensional sheets of endothelial cells interconnect with lumen-containing neovessels formed from endothelial cells in a different three-dimensional sheet of endothelial cells.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein during said exposing, the three-dimensional sheets or columns of endothelial cells are spatially arranged into parallel planes within the unpolymerized biological support material.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic frequency of the ultrasound standing wave field is between 0.1 MHz to 3 MHz.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasound standing wave field comprises an acoustic pressure amplitude between 0.01 MPa to 0.5 MPa.