Metamaterial enhanced thermophotovoltaic converter
A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converter includes spectrally-selective metamaterial emitters disposed on peripheral walls of an all-metal box-like enclosure, and associated photovoltaic (PV) cells configured to efficiently convert in-band photons having optimal conversion spectrums into electricity. The peripheral walls surround a substantially rectangular interior cavity having an inlet opening through which heat energy (e.g., concentrated sunlight) is supplied, and an outlet opening through which waste heat exits the cavity. Concentrated sunlight passing through the box-like enclosure heats the peripheral walls to a high temperature (i.e., above 1000° K), causing thermally excited surface plasmons generated on the emitters' concentric circular ridges to produce highly-directional radiant energy beams having a peak emission wavelength roughly equal to a fixed grating period separating the ridges. The metamaterial emitter is optionally provided with multiple bull's eye structures in a multiplexed (overlapping) pattern and with different grating periods to produce a broad emission spectrum overlapping the optimal conversion spectrum.
1. A TPV converter comprising:
a metamaterial emitter including:
a box-like enclosure at least partially formed by a peripheral wall including spaced-apart first and second peripheral wall portions respectively having first and second inward-facing planar surfaces that face a rectangular-shaped interior cavity of the enclosure, and respectively having first and second outward-facing planar surfaces that face away from the interior cavity, said box-like enclosure including an inlet opening defined between first ends of said first and second peripheral wall portions and an outlet opening defined between second ends of said first and second peripheral wall portions, said box-like enclosure being operably shaped such that heat energy directed into said interior cavity through said inlet opening is channeled between said first and second peripheral wall portions at a rate that optimizes heat transfer to said first and second peripheral wall portions before exiting said interior cavity through said outlet opening,
at least one first bull's eye structure disposed on the first outward-facing surface of the first peripheral wall portion and including a plurality of first concentric circular ridge structures disposed in an associated first fixed grating period such that, when the metamaterial emitter is heated by said heat energy to a temperature above 1000° K, a first radiant energy beam is emitted from said one or more first bull's eye structures having a peak emission wavelength that is roughly equal to said first fixed grating period, and
at least one second bull's eye structure disposed on the second outward-facing surface of the second peripheral wall portion and including a plurality of second concentric circular ridge structures disposed in an associated second fixed grating period such that, when the metamaterial emitter is heated by said heat energy to said temperature above 1000° K, a second radiant energy beam is emitted from said one or more second bull's eye structures having a peak emission wavelength that is roughly equal to said second fixed grating period; and
first and second photovoltaic (PV) cells fixedly disposed outside of said interior cavity and adjacent to the spectrally-selective metamaterial emitter such that said first PV cell is positioned to receive said first radiant energy beam emitted from said first bull's eye structure, and such that said second PV cell is positioned to receive said second radiant energy beam emitted from said second bull's eye structure.
2. The TPV converter of claim 1 , wherein said box-like enclosure comprises an all-metal structure.
3. The TPV converter of claim 2 , wherein said box-like enclosure comprises one or more refractory metals.
4. The TPV converter of claim 2 , wherein said box-like enclosure further comprises first and second compound parabolic trough structures respectively integrally connected to first end portions of said first and second peripheral wall portions.
5. The TPV converter of claim 4 , wherein said box-like enclosure further comprises first and second funnel-shaped outlet structures respectively integrally connected to the second end portions of said first and second peripheral wall portions.
6. The TPV converter of claim 5 , wherein the at least one bull's eye structure includes a first array of multiplexed bull's eye structures disposed on the first outward-facing surface of said first peripheral wall portion, and a second array of multiplexed bull's eye structures disposed on the second outward-facing surface of said second peripheral wall portion.
7. The TPV converter of claim 5 ,
wherein the first and second peripheral wall portions, the first and second compound parabolic trough structures and the first and second funnel-shaped outlet structures comprise a single refractory metal.