Co-solvents with high coulombic efficiency in propylene carbonate based electrolytes
A homologous series of cyclic carbonate or propylene carbonate (PC) analogue solvents with increasing length of linear alkyl substitutes were synthesized and used as co-solvents with PC for graphite based lithium ion half cells. A graphite anode reaches a capacity around 310 mAh/g in PC and its analogue co-solvents with 99.95% Coulombic efficiency. Cyclic carbonate co-solvents with longer alkyl chains are able to prevent exfoliation of graphite when used as co-solvents with PC. The cyclic carbonate co-solvents of PC compete for solvation of Li ion with PC solvent, delaying PC co-intercalation. Reduction products of PC on graphite surfaces via single-electron path form a stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), which allows the reversible cycling of graphite.
1. An electrolyte mixture comprising:
at least one co-solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate vinylene carbonate pyrene (VCPy);
a propylene carbonate (PC) solvent; and
a lithium salt.
2. A lithium ion battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
a lithium negative electrode; and
an electrolyte mixture comprising,
at least one co-solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate vinylene carbonate pyrene (VCPy);
a propylene carbonate (PC) solvent; and
a lithium salt.
3. The lithium ion battery of claim 2 wherein the lithium negative electrode is selected from the group comprising Li, Li(C) 6 , Li—Al, Li—Sn and Li—Si.
4. The lithium ion battery of claim 2 wherein the lithium negative electrode comprises lithium metal.