Display device

1. A passive matrix display device, comprising:

a set of pixel cells arranged in a matrix,

wherein each of the pixel cells includes,

a first pixel layer including an electronically conducting electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material being electrochemically switchable between different visually detectable coloring states,

a second pixel layer facing said first pixel layer, and

a third pixel layer of solidified electrolyte, said solidified electrolyte being a polycationic or polyanionic electrolyte, wherein said third pixel layer is arranged spatially between, and in ionic contact with, said first and second pixel layers, and said third pixel layer is free of electrochromic material,

wherein the coloring of each pixel cell is provided by a change in redox state of said electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material of said first pixel layer, and the color of the third pixel layer remains unchanged during a color switching of the pixel,

wherein said second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells is formed of a material including electrically conductive carbon, which in combination with the materials in the first and third pixel layers in all pixel cells provides a threshold voltage at least in response to a potential difference applied across said pixel cell, and

wherein the potential difference is set so that a sum of potential differences distributed in a non-addressed cell by cross-talk from addressed pixel cells is lower than the threshold voltage of the pixel cell.

2. The display device according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a set of first electrodes and a set of second electrodes, which are electronically isolated from each other and arranged such that,

each of said first electrodes intersects each of said second electrodes at only one intersection, and

each of said pixel cells is arranged at a respective one of said intersections formed by a respective first and second electrodes,

wherein said first pixel layer of each of said pixel cells coincides with a portion of said respective first electrode, and

wherein said second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells coincides with a portion of, or is in electronic contact with, said respective second electrode.

3. The display device according to claim 2 , wherein said first electrodes and the first pixel layer of said pixel cells all include the same material, or

wherein said second electrodes and the second pixel layer of said pixel cells all include the same material.

4. The display device according to claim 2 , wherein said first electrodes and the first pixel layer of said pixel cells all include the same material, and

wherein said second electrodes and the second pixel layer of said pixel cells all include the same material.

5. The display device according to claim 4 , wherein said first electrodes and the first pixel layer of each of said pixel cells are all portions of the same layer, and

wherein said second electrodes and the second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells are all portions of the same layer.

6. The display device according to claim 4 , wherein said first electrodes and the first pixel layer of each of said pixel cells are all portions of the same layer, or

wherein said second electrodes and the second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells are all portions of the same layer.

7. The display device according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a set of first electrodes and a set of second electrodes, which are electronically isolated from each other and arranged such that,

each of said first electrodes intersects each of said second electrodes at only one intersection, and

each of said pixel cells is arranged at a respective one of said intersections formed by a respective first and second electrodes,

wherein said first pixel layer of each of said pixel cells is in electronic contact with said respective first electrode, and

wherein said second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells coincides with a portion of, or is in electronic contact with, said respective second electrode.

8. The display device according to claim 7 , further comprising: a plastic insulating layer arranged between said second electrode and said second pixel layer in each pixel cell of said set of pixel cells,

wherein said plastic insulating layer includes a plurality of passages each arranged with an electronic conductor, and

wherein said electronic conductors each electronically connects a respective second pixel layer and said second electrode of a respective pixel cell.

9. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device is configured to operate without a set of separate control elements, each control element being associated with a respective one of said pixel cells and arranged to provide a transistor function for actively controlling the color of said respective one of said pixel cells.

10. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device is on a flexible substrate, and

wherein said flexible substrate includes at least one selected from paper and plastic.

11. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein said display device is formed of a plurality of layers, and

wherein said plurality of layers are at least one of printable and flexible.

12. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein, in each of said pixel cells, said second pixel layer covers a center portion of said third pixel layer.

13. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein, in each of said pixel cells, a surface area of the second pixel layer is at least 60%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% of a surface area of the solidified electrolyte.

14. The display device according to claim 1 , further comprising:

at least one opacifier having a color that remains the same when the voltage is applied across the respective one of said pixel cells.

15. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein a color of the solidified electrolyte remains the same or substantially the same when the voltage is applied across the respective one of said pixel cells.

16. The display device according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material is selected from the group consisting of electrochromic polythiophenes, electrochromic polypyrroles, electrochromic polyanilines, electrochromic polyisothianaphthalenes, electrochromic polyphenylene vinylenes and copolymers thereof.

17. The display device according to claim 16 , wherein the electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material is selected from the group consisting of electrochromic polythiophenes and copolymers thereof.

18. The display device according to claim 17 , wherein the electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material is a homopolymer or copolymer of 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, in which said two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge.

19. The display device according to claim 18 , wherein the electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).

20. A method of controlling a passive matrix display device including a set of pixel cells arranged in a matrix, wherein each pixel cell includes,

a first pixel layer including an electronically conducting electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material being electrochemically switchable between different visually detectable coloring states,

a second pixel layer facing said first pixel layer, and

a third pixel layer of solidified electrolyte, said solidified electrolyte being a polycationic or polyanionic electrolyte, wherein said third pixel layer is arranged spatially between, and in ionic contact with, said first and second pixel layers, and said third pixel layer is free of electrochromic material,

the method comprising:

applying and maintaining a potential difference between said first pixel layer and said second pixel layer,

wherein said potential difference causes said first pixel layer to change color,

wherein the coloring of each pixel cell is provided by a change in redox state of said electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material of said first pixel layer, and the color of the third pixel layer remains unchanged during a color switching of the pixel,

wherein said second pixel layer of each of the pixel cells is formed of, or includes, electrically conductive carbon, which in combination with the materials in the first and third pixel layers in all pixel cells provides a threshold voltage at least in response to a potential difference applied across said pixel cell, and

wherein the potential difference is set so that a sum of potential differences distributed in a non-addressed cell by cross-talk from addressed pixel cells is lower than the threshold voltage of the pixel cell.

21. A passive matrix display device, comprising:

a set of pixel cells arranged in a matrix, wherein each of the pixel cells includes,

a first pixel layer including an electronically conducting electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material being electrochemically switchable between different visually detectable coloring states,

a second pixel layer facing said first pixel layer, and

a third pixel layer of solidified electrolyte, said solidified electrolyte being a polycationic or polyanionic electrolyte, wherein said third pixel layer is arranged spatially between, and in ionic contact with, said first and second pixel layers, and said third pixel layer is free of electrochromic material, wherein:

said third pixel layer is patterned so as to form discontinuous islands, wherein each island is confined to one pixel cell,

the coloring of each pixel cell is provided by a change in redox state of said electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material of said first pixel layer, and the color of the third pixel layer remains unchanged during a color switching of the pixel, and

said second pixel layer of each of said pixel cells is formed of a material including electrically conductive carbon, which in combination with the materials in the first and third pixel layers in all pixel cells provides a threshold voltage at least in response to a potential difference applied across said pixel cell, and

wherein the potential difference is set so that a sum of potential differences distributed in a non-addressed cell by cross-talk from addressed pixel cells is lower than the threshold voltage of the pixel cell.

22. A passive matrix display device, comprising:

a set of first electrodes, each of the first electrodes includes an electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material that is electrochemically switchable between different visually detectable coloring states; and

a set of second electrodes,

wherein the set of first electrodes and the set of second electrodes are electronically isolated from each other and arranged such that each of the first electrodes intersects each of the second electrodes at only one intersection, and at each intersection there is arranged a pixel cell, and the pixel cells are arranged in a matrix,

wherein each pixel cell includes:

a first pixel layer which is the portion of the respective first electrode located at the intersection;

a second pixel layer facing the first pixel layer, and

a third pixel layer of solidified electrolyte which is arranged spatially between, and in ionic contact with, the first and second pixel layers,

wherein the second pixel layer of each pixel cell is formed of a material including electrically conductive carbon, and the solidified electrolyte is a polycationic electrolyte or a polyanionic electrolyte, thereby providing a threshold voltage in response to a potential difference applied across the pixel cell,

wherein the coloring of each pixel cell is provided by a change In redox state of the electrochromic and electrochemically active organic polymer material, and the color of the electrolyte remains unchanged during a color switching of the pixel cell,

wherein the second pixel layer of each pixel cell is either the portion of the respective second electrode located at the intersection, or a separate layer in electronic contact with the respective second electrode at the intersection, and

wherein the potential difference is set so that a sum of potential differences distributed in a non-addressed cell by cross-talk from addressed pixel cells is lower than the threshold voltage of the pixel cell.