Composite membranes

1. A process for making a composite membrane comprising the steps:

(i) providing a moving poriferous support impregnated with a curable composition comprising monomers and/or oligomers that can be cured by irradiation to form a polymeric resin, wherein the composition is present in the pores of the support and on a surface of the support;

(ii) scraping the support with a flexible blade and/or squeezing the poriferous support between a flexible blade and an opposing member and thereby removing at least some of the curable composition from the surface of the support; and

(iii) after performing step (ii), irradiating the support, thereby curing the composition present therein;

wherein steps (ii) and (iii) are performed as the support is moving;

wherein the composite membrane exhibits a wet curling value not exceeding about 50 mm, wherein the wet curling value is determined by placing a composite membrane sample of 15 ×15 cm in a 0.1 M NaCl solution for 30 minutes followed by placing the sample on a smooth surface at 21° C. and 50% relative humidity, and determining the average value of the height above the surface at each of the four corners of the sample; and

wherein an average number of surface defects in the composite membrane does not exceed about 2/m 2 .

2. The process according to claim 1 wherein step (ii) is performed such that the thickness of cured composition present on the poriferous support is less than 0.5 μm.

3. The process according to claim 1 which is performed without sandwiching the impregnated poriferous support between sheets during curing step (iii).

4. The process according to claim 1 wherein the opposing member comprises a roller, an (air)-knife, a plate or a flexible blade.

5. The process according to claim 4 wherein the roller is rotated at a surface speed of less than 30% of the speed at which the support is moving over said roller.

6. The process according to claim 5 wherein the Young's modulus of the part of the flexible blade which comes into contact with the poriferous support is more than 500 MPa, step (iii) comprises irradiating both sides of the support with an electron beam or ultraviolet light, the curable composition comprises a photoinitiator and the curable composition comprises an anionic and/or a cationic monomer.

7. The process according to claim 6 wherein the support has a surface energy of at least 10 mN/m higher than the surface tension of the curable composition.

8. The process according to claim 4 wherein the roller moves at a lower speed in the same or opposite direction as the support or is static.

9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the part of the flexible blade which comes into contact with the poriferous support is more than 500 MPa.

10. The process according to claim 1 wherein step (iii) comprises irradiating both sides of the support.

11. The process according to claim 1 wherein step (iii) comprises irradiating the support with an electron beam or ultraviolet light.

12. The process according to claim 1 wherein the curable composition comprises a photoinitiator.

13. The process according to claim 1 wherein the curable composition comprises an anionic and/or a cationic monomer.

14. The process according to claim 13 wherein the support has a surface energy of at least 10 mN/m higher than the surface tension of the curable composition.

15. The process according to claim 1 wherein the support has a surface energy of at least 10 mN/m higher than the surface tension of the curable composition.

16. The process according to claim 1 wherein the composite membrane is an ion-permeable membrane suitable for use in an ion exchange process.

17. The process according to claim 1 wherein the Young's modulus of the part of the flexible blade which comes into contact with the poriferous support is more than 500 MPa, step (iii) comprises irradiating both sides of the support with an electron beam or ultraviolet light, the curable composition comprises a photoinitiator and the curable composition comprises an anionic and/or a cationic monomer.