Coating of bulk metallic glass (BMG) articles
Exemplary embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus for forming a coating layer at least partially on surface of a BMG article formed of bulk solidifying amorphous alloys. In embodiments, the coating layer may be formed in situ during formation of a BMG article and/or post formation of a BMG article. The coating layer may provide the BMG article with surface hardness, wear resistance, surface activity, corrosion resistance, etc.
1. A method comprising:
injecting a molten metal alloy into a mold cavity of a metal mold;
while the molten metal alloy is within the mold cavity, exposing a chemically reactive gas to the molten alloy to chemically react with a surface of the molten metal alloy and form a coating layer; and
cooling the molten metal alloy at a cooling rate in the range of about 0.1 K/s to about 1000 K/s to form an article comprising at least a core formed from a bulk metallic glass (BMG).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemically reactive gas comprises nitrogen, oxygen, air, water vapor, or combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten metal alloy comprises a Zr-based, Fe-based, Ti-based, Pt-based, Pd-based, gold-based, silver-based, copper-based, Ni-based, Al-based, Mo-based, Co-based alloy, or combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coating layer has Vickers hardness of about 500 Vickers to about 2500 Vickers.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemically reactive gas is at a temperature between about 100° C. to about 2000° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operation of exposing the chemically reactive gas to the molten metal alloy occurs for about 5 seconds to about 1 minute.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operation of exposing the chemically reactive gas to the molten metal alloy comprises applying a pressure to the chemically reactive gas and the molten metal alloy to eliminate substantially all porosity in the molten metal alloy and/or to homogenize residual casting segregation.
8. A method comprising:
introducing a molten metal alloy into a mold cavity;
introducing a chemically reactive gas into the mold cavity;
applying a pressure to the molten metal alloy and the chemically reactive gas in the mold cavity; and
cooling the molten metal alloy at a cooling rate above about 0.1 K/s to form a metal article comprising an at least partially amorphous microstructure.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein applying the pressure to the molten metal alloy reduces porosity in the molten metal alloy.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein introducing the molten metal alloy into the mold cavity comprises pushing the molten metal alloy with a plunger.
11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising venting excess chemically reactive gas from the mold cavity, thereby maintaining the pressure within the mold cavity while applying the pressure to the molten metal alloy and the chemically reactive gas.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the molten metal alloy comprises a zircon-based bulk metallic glass alloy; and
the chemically reactive gas comprises nitrogen.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the nitrogen reacts with the zircon to form a layer of zirconium nitride on a surface of the metal article.
14. A method, comprising:
injecting a molten metal alloy into a mold cavity of a metal mold;
while the molten metal alloy is within the mold cavity, introducing a chemically reactive gas into the mold cavity, thereby forming a coating layer on substantially all surfaces of the molten metal alloy; and
cooling the molten metal alloy at a rate sufficient to form an article comprising a core having an at least partially amorphous microstructure.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the coating layer has a thickness between about 0.01 micron to about 100 microns.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coating layer has a higher hardness than the core of the article.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein:
the molten metal alloy comprises a zircon-based bulk metallic glass alloy;
the chemically reactive gas comprises oxygen; and
the coating layer comprises zirconium oxide.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein:
the metal mold is coupled to a shot sleeve; and
injecting the molten metal alloy into the mold cavity comprises pushing the molten metal alloy through the shot sleeve and into the metal mold with a plunger.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein introducing the chemically reactive gas into the mold cavity occurs after the plunger stops pushing the molten metal alloy into the metal mold.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising maintaining, with the plunger, a pressure within the mold cavity while the chemically reactive gas is introduced into the mold cavity.