Separator for electrochemical cell and method for its manufacture
An electrode/separator assembly for use in an electrochemical cell includes a current collector; a porous composite electrode layer adhered to the current collector, said electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a binder; and a porous composite separator layer comprising inorganic particles substantially uniformly distributed in a polymer matrix to form nanopores and having a pore volume fraction of at least 25%, wherein the separator layer is secured to the electrode layer by a solvent weld at the interface between the two layers, said weld comprising a mixture of the binder and the polymer. Methods of making and using the assembly are also described.
1. A laminate electrochemical cell, comprising:
a stack of layers arranged to provide a positive electrode layer/separator layer/negative electrode layer/separator layer repeat unit, where:
the positive electrode layer comprises a porous composite positive electrode layer adhered to both sides of a positive current collector, said positive electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a binder;
the negative electrode layer comprises a porous composite negative electrode layer adhered to both sides of a negative current collector, said negative electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a binder; and
each separator layer comprises a porous composite separator layer comprising inorganic particles substantially uniformly distributed in a polymer matrix to form nanopores,
wherein each polymer matrix of each separator layer has at least a bimodal pore distribution with pores of at least two different sizes, wherein a first pore size is in the range of 5-100 nm, and a second pore size is in the range of 100-500 nm, wherein pores having the first pore size are uniformly distributed in each separator layer and pores having the second pore size are randomly distributed in each separator layer,
wherein each separator layer is bonded to an adjacent electrode layer through a solvent weld formed via application of a coating solution including a solvent to the adjacent electrode layer, the solvent weld comprising a co-mingled mixture of the binder of the adjacent electrode layer and a polymer of the polymer matrix of the separator layer at an interface between the separator layer and the adjacent electrode layer,
wherein the coating solution solubilizes the binder of the adjacent electrode layer with the solvent, the binder having a lesser solubility in the solvent as compared to a solubility of the polymer in the solvent, and
wherein the solvent does not penetrate more than 50 percent of the adjacent electrode layer.
2. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein each separator layer comprises about 40-65 wt % polymer.
3. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein each separator layer has a pore volume fraction of at least 25%.
4. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein resistance of the cell is greater than 20 MΩ.
5. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell further comprises an electrolyte.
6. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein each separator layer has a total thickness in the range of about 2 μm to about 40 μm.
7. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles of each separator layer are substantially monodisperse and have a particle size with a value in the range of about 10-500 nm.
8. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles of each separator layer are substantially monodisperse and have a particle size with a value in the range of about 10-50 nm.
9. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein each separator layer comprises inorganic particles and polymer in a weight ratio of about 65:35 to about 45:55, and wherein the inorganic particles have a specific surface area of 50-200 m 2 /g.
10. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises a mixture of a first solvent and a second solvent, the second solvent having a lower solubility for the binder of the adjacent electrode layer as compared to a solubility of the first solvent for the binder of the adjacent electrode layer.
11. A laminate electrochemical cell, comprising:
a stack of layers arranged to provide a positive electrode layer/first separator layer/negative electrode layer/second separator layer repeat unit, where:
the positive electrode layer comprises a porous composite positive electrode layer adhered to both sides of a positive current collector, the positive electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a first binder;
the negative electrode layer comprises a porous composite negative electrode layer adhered to both sides of a negative current collector, the negative electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a second binder; and
each separator layer comprises a porous composite separator layer comprising inorganic particles substantially uniformly distributed in a polymer matrix to form nanopores,
wherein the first separator layer is bonded to the positive electrode layer through a solvent weld that comprises a co-mingled mixture of the first binder of the positive electrode layer and a polymer of the polymer matrix of the separator layer at an interface between the separator layer and the positive electrode layer, wherein the solvent weld is formed by solubilization of the first binder of the positive electrode layer with a first solvent and solubilization of the polymer of the polymer matrix of the separator layer with a second solvent, where the first binder has a lower solubility in the second solvent than a solubility of the polymer in the second solvent.
12. A laminate electrochemical cell, comprising:
a stack of layers arranged to provide a positive electrode layer/first separator layer/negative electrode layer/second separator layer repeat unit, where:
the positive electrode layer comprises a porous composite positive electrode layer adhered to both sides of a positive current collector, the positive electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a first binder;
the negative electrode layer comprises a porous composite negative electrode layer adhered to both sides of a negative current collector, the negative electrode layer comprising at least electroactive particles and a second binder; and
each separator layer comprises a porous composite separator layer comprising inorganic particles substantially uniformly distributed in a polymer matrix to form nanopores,
wherein the first separator layer is fused to the positive electrode layer by a spraying or gravure coating process using a coating solution including a solvent that penetrates less than 50% of a thickness of the positive electrode layer and dissolves only a portion of the first binder to form a solvent weld at an interface between the separator layer and the positive electrode layer upon removal of the solvent.
13. The laminate electrochemical cell of claim 12 , wherein the coating solution comprises solids mixed with the solvent with a solid content of 7% or greater, the solids including inorganic particles and polymer.