Chitosan-derivative compounds and methods of controlling microbial populations
The present invention is directed to chitosan-derivative compounds and structures, methods of making chitosan-derivative compounds and methods for controlling, inhibiting and enhancing microbial populations in a variety of environments. The present invention is also directed to the control, inhibition and enhancement of microbial populations in animals, particularly humans. The microbial populations include bacteria, viruses and other pathogens where control of microbial populations are a necessity. The chitosan-derivative compounds of the present invention include chitosan-arginine compounds, related chitosan-L/D unnatural amino acid compounds, chitosan-acid amine compounds, chitosan-L/D natural amino acid derivative compounds, co-derivatives of the chitosan-derivative compounds, salts of the chitosan derivative compounds, and chitosan-guanidine compounds.
1. A method of making a compound of Formula (I), the method comprising:
reacting a compound of Formula (II),
with an acid, thereby providing the compound of Formula (I);
wherein m is 0.02-0.50; q is 0.50-0.01; p+q+m=1; and the compound of Formula (II) is made by a method that comprises reacting a compound of Formula (III),
with a compound of Formula (IV),
thereby providing the compound of Formula (II).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid is: hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or sulfuric acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method proceeds for between 2 and 24 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula (IV) is made by a method that comprises reacting a compound of Formula (V),
with a coupling agent, thereby providing the compound of Formula (IV).
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the method further comprises addition of an activation reagent.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the activation reagent is a N-hydroxysuccinimide.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the coupling agent is a carbodiimide.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the carbodiimide is N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), or N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC).
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method takes place in the presence of a solvent.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the solvent is an aqueous solution.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the aqueous solution is acidic.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid is an organic acid, acetic acid or hydrochloric acid.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is ≦5.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the solvent is an organic solvent.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the organic solvent is methanol, dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide.
16. A method of making a compound of Formula (I) in a single reaction vessel, the method comprising:
reacting a compound of Formula (V),
wherein m is 0.02-0.50; q is 0.50-0.01; and p+q+m=1,
with Formula (III),
in the presence of an activation reagent, a coupling agent, followed by addition of an acid, thereby providing the compound of Formula (I).
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the compound of Formula (V) and activation agent are added to the reaction with Formula (III) before the coupling agent.
18. The method of claim 1 or 16 , wherein the compound of Formula (I) is purified by dialysis.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises the use of ultra-filtration, dialysis filtration (UFDF), or transverse flow filtration (TFF) in-line systems.