Optical sensing and separation based on ordered three-dimensional nanostructured surfaces
A sensor having a substrate is provided in which structures are disposed on a surface of the substrate. The structures can be, e.g., nanostructures. Polarized light is directed toward the sensor, and birefringence of the structures with respect to the light is measured. Target particles that interact with the structures are detected based on changes in the measured birefringence.
1. A method comprising:
directing light toward a sensor that comprises a substrate having structures disposed on a surface of the substrate;
making measurements of birefringence of the structures with respect to the light; and
detecting particles that interact with the structures based on changes in the birefringence, in which the changes in the birefringence is determined based on differences in the measurements.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the structures comprise nanostructures.
3. The method of claim 1 in which the structures have dimensions ranging from 1 nanometer to 100 micrometers.
4. The method of claim 1 in which the structures comprise at least one of columns, spirals, staircase structures, or chevron structures.
5. The method of claim 1 in which directing light toward a sensor comprises directing polarized light toward the sensor.
6. The method of claim 1 in which measuring birefringence of the structures comprises measuring polarization states of the structures.
7. The method of claim 1 in which measuring birefringence of the structures comprises measuring birefringence using at least one of ellipsometry or polarimetry.
8. The method of claim 1 in which measuring birefringence of the structures comprises measuring birefringence based on Mueller matrix microscopy.
9. The method of claim 1 in which a first portion of the substrate has structures that interact with the particles, and a second portion of the substrate has structures that do not interact with the particles, and detecting the particles comprises comparing a birefringence measurement of the structures on the first portion of the substrate and a birefringence measurement of the structures on the second portion of the substrate.
10. The method of claim 1 , comprising detecting light reflected from the substrate, in which measuring birefringence comprises measuring birefringence based on the light reflected from the substrate.
11. The method of claim 1 , comprising detecting light transmitted through the substrate, in which measuring birefringence comprises measuring birefringence based on the light that is transmitted through the substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 in which detecting particles comprises detecting at least one of peptides, DNA segments, RNA segments, capsids, antibodies, or viruses.
13. The method of claim 1 in which detecting particles that interact with the structures comprises detecting particles that are captured by the structures.
14. The method of claim 1 in which the substrate has portions having different types of structures that each interact with a corresponding type of particles.
15. The method of claim 14 in which the method comprises:
determining at which portion of the substrate the change in the birefringence occurs, and
determining the type of particles that is detected based on the portion where the change in the birefringence occurs.
16. The method of claim 14 in which the different portions differ in at least one of dimensions of the structures, shapes of the structures, spacing of the structures, or functional layers on the structures.
17. The method of claim 1 , comprising placing the sensor in a liquid or gaseous environment that contains target particles to be detected.
18. The method of claim 1 , comprising coating the sensor with a polymer that contains target particles to be detected.
19. The method of claim 1 in which measuring the birefringence comprises measuring an extraordinary index of refraction n e for a component of the light having a linear polarization parallel to optical axes of the structures, and an ordinary index of refraction n o for a component of the light having a linear polarization perpendicular to the optical axes of the structures, and determining the birefringence as a difference between the extraordinary index and the ordinary index.
20. The method of claim 1 in which each nanostructure comprises at least one of a metal, a metal oxide, a transition metal oxide, an alloy, a compound, or a polymeric network.
21. The method of claim 1 in which each nanostructure comprises at least one of a dielectric material, a semiconducting material, an electrically insulating material, a ferroelectric material, or a magnetic material.
22. The method of claim 1 in which the structures comprise functional coatings that interact with the particles.