Balanced capillary bridge viscometer
A capillary bridge viscometer, comprises an input port (flow in) an output port (flow out) a first capillary tubing arm (R1) in a first hydraulic path between the input port and a first differential detection point (DP+), a second capillary tubing arm (R3) in a second hydraulic path between the first differential detection point (DP+) and the output port (flow out), a third capillary tubing arm (R2) in a third hydraulic path between the input port (flow in) and a second differential detection point (DP−), a fourth capillary tubing arm (R4) in a fourth hydraulic path between the second differential detection point (DP−) and the output port (flow out), an adjustable mechanical flow restrictor ( 20 ) in one of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths, wherein the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor ( 20 ) is operative to mechanically adjust a resistance to flow of a fluid while the fluid flows through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor.
1. A capillary bridge viscometer, comprising:
an input port,
an output port,
a first capillary tubing arm in a first hydraulic path between the input port and a first differential detection point,
a second capillary tubing arm in a second hydraulic path between the first differential detection point and the output port,
a third capillary tubing arm in a third hydraulic path between the input port and a second differential detection point,
a fourth capillary tubing arm in a fourth hydraulic path between the second differential detection point and the output port,
a delay line in one of the first, second third and fourth hydraulic paths and configured to delay fluid flowing therethrough, wherein the delay line includes a column packed with or containing a material or solvent that will delay the sample,
an adjustable mechanical flow restrictor in one of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths, wherein the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor is operative to mechanically adjust a resistance to flow of a fluid while the fluid flows through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor, and
a second adjustable mechanical flow restrictor in another of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths, wherein the second adjustable mechanical flow restrictor is operative to mechanically adjust a resistance to flow of a fluid while the fluid flows through the second adjustable mechanical flow restrictor.
2. A capillary bridge viscometer, comprising:
an input port,
an output port,
a first capillary tubing arm in a first hydraulic path between the input port and a first differential detection point,
a second capillary tubing arm in a second hydraulic path between the first differential detection point and the output port,
a third capillary tubing arm in a third hydraulic path between the input port and a second differential detection point,
a fourth capillary tubing arm in a fourth hydraulic path between the second differential detection point and the output port,
a delay line in one of the first, second third and fourth hydraulic paths and configured to delay fluid flowing therethrough, wherein the delay line includes a column packed with or containing a material or solvent that will delay the sample,
an adjustable mechanical flow restrictor in one of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths, wherein the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor is operative to mechanically adjust a resistance to flow of a fluid while the fluid flows through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor, wherein the flow restrictor comprises:
a tube having first and second ends and a flow path that follows a fluid flow axis,
a solid, cylindrical core having a first end and a second end, and being slidably mounted with respect to the tube in alignment with the fluid flow axis, and
a translating mechanism coupled to the solid core and operative to adjust the position of the solid core along the fluid flow path in the direction of the fluid flow axis.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further including an actuator coupled to the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor to adjust the resistance to flow through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 further including a balance detector operatively connected between the first and second differential detection points.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 further including a balancing controller responsive to the balance detector and operative to actuate the actuator to adjust the resistance to flow through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor until the capillary bridge viscometer is balanced.
6. The apparatus of claim 2 further including a balance detector operatively connected between the first and second differential detection points.
7. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the solid core has a range of movement along the flow axis that extends from a first position outside of the first end of the tube to a first position inside of the first end of the tube.
8. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the tube is cylindrical and the flow axis is located at the center of the tube.
9. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the translating mechanism includes a motor and a lead screw.
10. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the delay line is configured to delay a liquid chromatography sample.
11. A capillary bridge viscometer, comprising:
an input port,
an output port,
a first differential pressure detection point,
a second differential pressure detection point,
a first hydraulic path having a first capillary tubing arm between the input port and the first differential pressure detection point,
a second hydraulic path having a second capillary tubing arm between the first differential pressure detection point and the output port,
a third hydraulic path having a third capillary tubing arm between the input port and the second differential pressure detection point,
a fourth hydraulic path having a fourth capillary tubing arm between the second differential pressure detection point and the output port,
an adjustable mechanical flow restrictor in one of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths, wherein the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor is operative to mechanically adjust a resistance to flow of a fluid while the fluid flows through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor, and
a delay line in one of the first, second third and fourth hydraulic paths and configured to delay fluid flowing therethrough, wherein the delay line includes a column packed with or containing a material or solvent that will delay the sample,
the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor comprising:
a tube having first and second ends and a flow axis;
a solid core having a first end and a second end, and being slidably mounted with respect to the tube in alignment with the flow axis; and
a translating mechanism coupled to the solid core and operative to adjust the position of the solid core along the flow axis,
wherein the tube has a diameter large enough to accept the solid core such that the resulting resistance to flow of the fluid through the tube is approximately equal to the resistance to flow of the fluid through a corresponding portion of the capillary tubing arm in another of the first, second, third, and fourth hydraulic paths.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the delay line is in series with the flow restrictor.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 further including an actuator coupled to the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor to adjust the resistance to flow through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 further including a balance detector operatively connected between the first and second differential pressure detection points.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 further including a balancing controller responsive to the balance detector and operative to actuate the actuator to adjust the resistance to flow through the adjustable mechanical flow restrictor until the capillary bridge viscometer is balanced.
16. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the solid core has a range of movement along the flow axis that extends from a first position outside of the first end of the tube to a first position inside of the first end of the tube.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the tube and the core are both cylindrical and the flow axis is located at the center of the tube.
18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the translating mechanism includes a motor and a lead screw.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the delay line is configured to delay a liquid chromatography sample.
20. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the translating mechanism is operative to adjust the position of the solid core along a fluid flow path that follows the fluid flow axis.
21. A method of operating a capillary bridge viscometer according to claim 11 , the method comprising the sequential steps of:
introducing a fluid into the bridge viscometer through the input port;
measuring the differential pressure between the first and second differential pressure detection points to determine whether the bridge is in balance; and
if the bridge is not in balance, adjusting the mechanical flow restrictor to balance the bridge.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the mechanical flow restrictor is adjusted by a controller detecting an imbalance in the bridge and producing a driving signal to an actuator to adjust the mechanical flow resistor until the balance is resolved.