Detection and molecular weight determination of organic vapors
Composite films comprising an organic salt (or GUMBOS) such as 1-n-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and a polymer such as cellulose acetate are prepared. These films are useful in detecting vapors of volatile organic compounds, and in determining their molecular weights. A quartz crystal microbalance-based sensor was designed by depositing a thin film of this composite material on the gold electrode surface of a quartz crystal resonator. The sensor exhibited rapid response toward a variety of volatile organic compounds, and complete regeneration, high sensitivity, low detection limits, and wide dynamic ranges. The ratio of the change in frequency to the change in motional resistance is a concentration-independent quantity that is proportional to the molecular weight of the absorbed chemical species. These properties facilitate the easy identification and molecular weight determination of a broad range of organic vapors.
1. A composite material comprising an intermixture of one or more GUMBOS with one or more polymers, wherein:
(a) each of said GUMBOS is an organic salt having a melting point between 25° C. and 250° C.; wherein an organic salt is a salt comprising at least one organic anion, or at least one organic cation, or both an organic anion and an organic cation;
(b) said composite material is viscoelastic; and the viscoelastic characteristics of said composite material are substantially different from what the viscoelastic characteristics of the GUMBOS alone would be, if the GUMBOS were not intermixed with the one or more polymers;
(c) each of said one or more GUMBOS is amorphous within said composite material.
2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the rigidity of said composite material is substantially different from the rigidity that the GUMBOS alone would possess, if the GUMBOS were not intermixed with the one or more polymers.
3. An article of manufacture, comprising a piezoelectric crystal coated with a film, wherein said film comprises the composite material of claim 1 .
4. The article of manufacture of claim 3 , wherein said piezoelectric crystal comprises quartz.
5. The article of manufacture of claim 3 wherein, following the absorption of gas molecules by said film, the change in the motional resistance of said piezoelectric crystal is a linear function of the number of absorbed gas molecules, and the change in the motional resistance of said piezoelectric crystal is independent of the chemical properties of the absorbed gas molecules.
6. A crystal microbalance comprising the article of manufacture of claim 5 .
7. A method of detecting one or more volatile organic compounds with the crystal microbalance of claim 6 , said method comprising measuring changes in the motional resistance of the piezoelectric crystal in the presence of the one or more volatile organic compounds, or measuring changes in the frequency of the piezoelectric crystal in the presence of the one or more volatile organic compounds, or both; wherein a change in the motional resistance or a change in the frequency indicates that one or more volatile compounds have been absorbed by the film.
8. An array comprising a plurality of the crystal microbalances of claim 6 , wherein each of said crystal microbalances comprises a film of a different said composite material, wherein the different said crystal microbalances possess differing sensitivities to different compounds; whereby the selectivity of the array to discriminate between different compounds is enhanced as compared to the selectivity of any of the individual said crystal microbalances.
9. A method of determining the molecular weight, M.W., of a volatile organic compound with the crystal microbalance of claim 6 , said method comprising measuring the change, ΔR, in the motional resistance of the piezoelectric crystal in the presence of the volatile organic compound, and measuring the change, Δf, in the frequency of the piezoelectric crystal in the presence of the volatile organic compound; and calculating M.W.=Δf/(k·ΔR); wherein k is a proportionality constant that is characteristic of the crystal microbalance, the composition of the composite, and the mass of the film per unit area on the surface of the piezoelectric crystal; and wherein the proportionality constant k is independent of the chemical properties of the volatile organic compound.