Hydrophone
This disclosure is related to hydrophones, for example hydrophones that may be used in marine seismic surveying, permanent reservoir monitoring, downhole acoustic monitoring in a wellbore, and/or various other applications. Some embodiments of a hydrophone according to this disclosure are constructed such that a longitudinal stiffness of the hydrophone is greater than a circumferential stiffness of the hydrophone. In some embodiments, however, the longitudinal stiffness may be somewhat less than the circumferential stiffness. For example, the longitudinal stiffness may be greater than one half the circumferential stiffness in some cases.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a hydrophone that includes an outer mandrel having a first wall thickness, and an inner mandrel having a second, greater wall thickness;
wherein the hydrophone has a longitudinal modulus of elasticity in a longitudinal dimension based at least in part on the second wall thickness of the inner mandrel and a circumferential modulus of elasticity in a circumferential dimension based at least in part on the first wall thickness of the outer mandrel;
wherein the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is greater than the circumferential modulus of elasticity and less than 20 times the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophone is a fiber optic hydrophone.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophone includes a reference optical fiber disposed about the inner mandrel and a sensing optical fiber disposed about the outer mandrel.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the hydrophone further includes a fill fluid disposed within an internal volume thereof, and wherein a bulk modulus of the fill fluid is between 5 times to 20 times the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising end caps disposed at opposite longitudinal ends of the hydrophone, wherein the end caps and the inner mandrel are made of a same material.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the same material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: steel, titanium, glass-filled polyetherimide, and any combination thereof.
7. A hydrophone, comprising:
first and second end caps disposed at opposite longitudinal ends of the hydrophone;
an inner mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps and having a second wall thickness, wherein a reference optical fiber cable is wound around the inner mandrel; and
an outer mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps, having a first wall thickness, and disposed outside the inner mandrel, wherein a sensing optical fiber cable is wound around the outer mandrel;
wherein the hydrophone has a longitudinal modulus of elasticity in a longitudinal dimension based at least in part on the second wall thickness of the inner mandrel and a circumferential modulus of elasticity in a circumferential dimension based at least in part on the first wall thickness of the outer mandrel, and wherein the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is greater than the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
8. The hydrophone of claim 7 , further comprising a piston disposed within the first end cap.
9. The hydrophone of claim 8 , further comprising:
a fill fluid reservoir disposed within the first end cap; and
a capillary tube coupled between the fill fluid reservoir and an internal volume of the hydrophone.
10. The hydrophone of claim 7 , wherein the hydrophone has a relatively flat frequency response from 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz.
11. The hydrophone of claim 7 , further comprising a fill fluid disposed within the hydrophone, and wherein a bulk modulus of the fill fluid is between 5 times to 20 times the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
12. A hydrophone, comprising:
first and second end caps disposed at opposite longitudinal ends of the hydrophone, wherein the first and second end caps are made from a material selected from the group consisting of steel, titanium, and glass-filled polyetherimide;
an inner mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps, wherein the inner mandrel is made from a material selected from the group consisting of steel, titanium, and glass-filled polyetherimide; and
an outer mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps and disposed outside the inner mandrel, wherein the outer mandrel is made from a material selected from the group consisting of polyetherimide, CPVC, and plastic;
wherein the hydrophone has a longitudinal modulus of elasticity in a longitudinal dimension based at least in part on the inner mandrel, and a circumferential modulus of elasticity in a circumferential direction based at least in part on the outer mandrel; and
wherein the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is larger than the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
13. The hydrophone of claim 12 , wherein the hydrophone is a fiber optic hydrophone.
14. The hydrophone of claim 12 , wherein the hydrophone has a sensitivity of at least −146 dB re 1 rad/μPa .
15. The hydrophone of claim 12 , further comprising a fill fluid within the hydrophone, wherein a bulk modulus of the fill fluid is between 5 times to 20 times the circumferential modulus of elasticity.
16. A method comprising:
disposing a hydrophone in a vicinity of a formation, wherein the hydrophone includes:
first and second end caps disposed at opposite longitudinal ends of the hydrophone;
an inner mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps, wherein a reference optical fiber cable is wound around the inner mandrel; and
an outer mandrel coupled to the first and second end caps and disposed outside the inner mandrel, wherein a sensing optical fiber cable is wound around the outer mandrel;
wherein the outer mandrel has a first wall thickness, and the inner mandrel has a second wall thickness;
wherein the hydrophone has a longitudinal modulus of elasticity in a longitudinal dimension based at least in part on the second wall thickness of the inner mandrel and a circumferential modulus of elasticity in a circumferential dimension based at least in part on the first wall thickness of the outer mandrel, and wherein the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is greater than the circumferential modulus of elasticity; and
detecting seismic energy reflected from the formation with the hydrophone.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising using the detected seismic energy in at least one operation selected from the group consisting of: a marine geophysical survey, a seafloor reservoir monitoring, and a downhole acoustic monitoring.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the disposing the hydrophone in the vicinity of the formation comprises locating the hydrophone at a water depth of between 100 meters and 3,500 meters.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydrophone has a sensitivity of at least −146 dB re 1 rad/μPa.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein a phase of an interferometric output of the hydrophone is within 3° of a phase of the seismic energy.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydrophone is at a temperature between 0° C. and 33° C.
22. The method of claim 16 , further comprising a fill fluid within the hydrophone, wherein a bulk modulus of the fill fluid is between 5 times to 20 times the circumferential modulus of elasticity.