Methods for reducing carbon oxides with non ferrous catalysts and forming solid carbon products
A method of reducing a gaseous carbon oxide includes reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of a non-ferrous catalyst. The reaction proceeds under conditions adapted to produce solid carbon of various allotropes and morphologies, the selective formation of which can be controlled by means of controlling reaction gas composition and reaction conditions including temperature and pressure. A method for utilizing a non-ferrous catalyst in a reactor includes placing the catalyst in a suitable reactor and flowing reaction gases comprising a carbon oxide with at least one gaseous reducing agent through the reactor where, in the presence of the catalyst, at least a portion of the carbon in the carbon oxide is converted to solid carbon and a tail gas mixture containing water vapor.
1. A method of reducing a gaseous carbon oxide to a lower oxidation state, the method comprising:
providing a non-ferrous metal substantially free of iron in a reactor, the non-ferrous metal comprising a sheet of solid material;
while the non-ferrous metal is in the reactor, pretreating the non-ferrous metal to alter a surface of the non-ferrous metal, the pretreating comprising at least one act selected from the group consisting of oxidizing and subsequently reducing, etching, and performing sputtering on the surface of the non-ferrous metal;
reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of the non-ferrous metal in a non-oxidized state under predetermined conditions of temperature and pressure adapted to produce water and a solid carbon product having a diameter and morphology dependent on the pretreatment of the non-ferrous metal; and
separating at least a portion of the water formed in the presence of the non-ferrous metal from the carbon oxide during the reaction of the carbon oxide with the gaseous reducing agent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide consists essentially of carbon dioxide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous reducing agent comprises hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, or any combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined conditions of temperature and pressure comprise a temperature of between about 450° C. and 800° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the non-ferrous metal to comprise molybdenum.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-ferrous metal comprises a metal comprising nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, alloys thereof, or any combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein pretreating the non-ferrous metal comprises performing sputtering on the surface of the non-ferrous metal.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein pretreating the non-ferrous metal comprises chemically etching the surface of the non-ferrous metal while the non-ferrous metal is in the reactor.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein chemically etching the surface of the non-ferrous metal while the non-ferrous metal is in the reactor comprises exposing the surface of the non-ferrous metal to at least one acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of the non-ferrous metal in a non-oxidized state comprises heating the non-ferrous metal to a predetermined temperature, holding the predetermined temperature for a predetermined time, and controlling a cooling rate of the non-ferrous metal.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein heating the non-ferrous metal to a predetermined temperature comprises heating the non-ferrous metal to a temperature between about 650° C. and 1,000° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent comprises reacting carbon dioxide with a gaseous reducing agent at a temperature of about 680° C. or higher.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of the non-ferrous metal in a non-oxidized state comprises reacting the carbon oxide with the gaseous reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst promoter selected from the group consisting of thiophene, hydrogen sulfide, a heterocyclic sulfide, an inorganic sulfide, volatile lead, a bismuth compound, ammonia, and combinations thereof.
14. A method for utilizing a non-ferrous metallic compound in a reactor to reduce a gaseous carbon oxide, the method comprising:
providing the non-ferrous metallic compound in the reactor, the non-ferrous metallic compound substantially free of iron;
purging gases in the reactor containing the non-ferrous metallic compound with a gaseous reducing agent;
maintaining a predetermined reactor temperature sufficient to reduce oxides present in the non-ferrous metallic compound;
while the non-ferrous metallic compound is in the reactor, oxidizing and subsequently reducing a surface of the non-ferrous metallic compound at a temperature between about 500° C. and about 1,200° C. to alter a grain structure and grain boundaries in the surface of the non-ferrous metallic compound;
introducing a reaction gas mixture comprising the gaseous carbon oxide into the reactor to form a reaction gas composition at a reaction gas pressure;
maintaining the reaction gas composition and reaction gas pressure in the reactor to reduce the gaseous carbon oxide to form water and a solid carbon product; and
separating at least a portion of the water formed in the reactor from the reaction gas mixture during the reaction of the reaction gas mixture.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein purging gases in the reactor containing the non-ferrous metallic compound with a gaseous reducing agent comprises purging gases in the reactor containing the non-ferrous metallic compound with at least one of hydrogen gas and methane.
16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising selecting the gaseous reducing agent to comprise a hydrocarbon gas formulated to react with oxides of the non-ferrous metallic compound at the predetermined reactor temperature.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising circulating the reaction gas mixture through an external means for condensing water from the reaction gas mixture.
18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
placing the non-ferrous metallic compound in the reactor, the non-ferrous metallic compound comprising a material selected from the group consisting of elements of groups 5 through 10 of the periodic table, lanthanides, actinides, and combinations thereof;
reacting the reaction gas mixture in the presence of the non-ferrous metallic compound to form solid carbon and a tail gas mixture containing water vapor; and
removing the solid carbon from the reactor.
19. A method of forming a solid carbon product, the method comprising:
providing a non-ferrous catalyst substantially free of iron in a reactor;
while the non-ferrous catalyst is in the reactor, altering a surface of the non-ferrous catalyst by at least one of oxidizing and subsequently reducing the surface of the non-ferrous catalyst, performing sputtering on the surface of the non-ferrous catalyst, and chemically etching the surface of the non-ferrous catalyst; and
reacting a carbon oxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of the non-ferrous catalyst to form water and a solid carbon product.