Pre-assembled whispering gallery mode resonance sensors, for use as dip sensors or vapor sensors, for example, and methods for making such sensors
A robust sensor, suitable for dipping into fluid wells, includes (a) a stem; (b) a whispering gallery mode (“WGM”) resonator mechanically supported by the stem; and (c) feed and pickup optical fibers optically coupled with the WGM resonator and mechanically coupled with the stem, thereby defining a stem-resonator-fiber assembly, wherein a portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 7 mm (or 2 mm, or even 1 mm). Such a whispering gallery mode (“WGM”) dip sensor, including (1) a stem, (2) a WGM resonator, and (3) feed and pickup optical fibers, may be made by (a) fabricating the WGM resonator and the stem from an optical fiber; (b) fabricating tapers on the feed and pickup fibers; (c) positioning tapers of the feed and pickup fibers relative to the WGM resonator such that an optical coupling between the tapers and the WGM resonator is established; and (d) mechanically coupling the stem with the feed and pickup fibers.
1. Apparatus comprising:
a) a stem;
b) a whispering gallery mode (“WGM”) resonator mechanically supported by the stem; and
c) feed and pickup optical fibers optically coupled with the WGM resonator and mechanically coupled with the stem, thereby defining a stem-resonator-fiber assembly,
wherein a portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 7 mm, and
wherein the portion of the feed and optical pickup fibers that can fit within the imaginary cylinder is longer than the diameter of the imaginary cylinder.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 2 mm.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 1 mm.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the mechanical support of the WGM resonator by the stem and the mechanical coupling of the feed and pickup optical fibers with the stem is such that the resonator can be dipped into and removed from a liquid contained in a well having a diameter of less than 7 mm while maintaining a WGM resonance in the WGM resonator.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stem includes a bend of approximately 90 degrees.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the feed and pickup optical fibers physically contact the WGM resonator.
7. Apparatus comprising:
a) a stem;
b) a whispering gallery mode (“WGM”) resonator mechanically supported by the stem; and
c) feed and pickup optical fibers optically coupled with the WGM resonator and mechanically coupled with the stem, thereby defining a stem-resonator-fiber assembly,
wherein a portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 7 mm, and
wherein the feed and pickup optical fibers are mechanically coupled with the stem via a spacer.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the spacer is defined by an outer wall of an inner capillary.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
d) an outer capillary defining an inner volume accommodating the WGM resonator.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising:
e) a thermistor provided within the outer capillary.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein an air passage is defined from a first open end of the outer capillary to an outlet in the outer capillary.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the air passage is defined by a hollow needle.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the feed optical includes a conical distal end mechanically and optically coupled with the WGM resonator at a first location on the WGM resonator,
wherein the pickup optical fiber includes a conical distal end mechanically and optically coupled with the WGM resonator at a second location, different from the first location, on the WGM resonator, and
wherein the feed and pickup optical fibers extend in parallel directions.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the WGM sensor is a sphere.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the WGM sensor is a cylinder.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stem has a diameter of at least 30 μm.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stem has a diameter of from 300 μm to 400 μm.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stem has a diameter of from 30 μm to 1 mm.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a thermistor arranged proximal to the WGM resonator.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one of the feed and pickup optical fibers is optically coupled with the WGM resonator via a cone at its end, and wherein a distance between a tip of the cone and a base of the cone is 2 to 10 times as large as a diameter of the optical fiber.
21. Apparatus comprising:
a) a stem;
b) a whispering gallery mode (“WGM”) resonator mechanically supported by the stem; and
c) feed and pickup optical fibers optically coupled with the WGM resonator and mechanically coupled with the stem, thereby defining a stem-resonator-fiber assembly,
wherein a portion of the stem-resonator-fiber assembly including the WGM resonator can fit within an imaginary cylinder having a diameter of 7 mm, and
wherein each of the feed and pickup optical fibers includes a conical distal end mechanically and optically coupled with the WGM resonator.