Conductive member, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus
A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a resin and insulating particles. The insulating particles account for 50% or more and 70% or less of an area of a cross-section of the surface layer taken in a thickness direction.
1. A conductive member comprising:
a substrate;
an elastic layer on the substrate; and
a surface layer on the elastic layer, the surface layer containing a resin and insulating particles,
wherein the insulating particles account for about 50% or more and about 70% or less of an area of a cross-section of the surface layer taken in a thickness direction,
wherein the insulating particles are inorganic particles,
wherein the surface layer has a crack, and
wherein an area fraction of the crack relative to an entire outer peripheral surface of the surface layer is about 0.1% or more and about 30% or less.
2. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the insulating particles contain at least one selected from SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3.
3. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the insulating particles are resin particles.
4. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an area fraction of the crack relative to an entire outer peripheral surface of the surface layer is about 0.1% or more and about 20% or less.
5. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an area fraction of the crack relative to an entire outer peripheral surface of the surface layer is about 0.1% or more and about 15% or less.
6. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the resin contains a polyamide resin.
7. The conductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the resin contains a methoxymethylated polyamide resin.
8. A process cartridge detachably attachable to an image forming apparatus, comprising:
an image supporting body; and
a charging device that charges the image supporting body and includes the conductive member according to claim 1 .
9. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an image supporting body;
a charging device that charges the image supporting body and includes the conductive member according to claim 1 ;
a latent image forming device that forms a latent image on a charged surface of the image supporting body;
a developing device that forms a toner image by developing the latent image on the surface of the image supporting body with a toner; and
a transfer device that transfers the toner image on the surface of the image supporting body onto a recording medium.