Separation of water using a membrane
This invention relates to uses of graphene oxide, and in particular graphene oxide on a porous support, and a membrane comprising these materials. This invention also relates to methods of dehydration, which include vapour phase separation and pervaporation. Pervaporation is a method of separating mixtures of liquids using a membrane. Pervaporation consists of two basic steps: permeation of the permeate through the membrane and evaporation of the permeate from the other side of the membrane. Pervaporation is a mild which can be used to separate components which would not survive the comparatively harsh conditions needed for distillation (high temp, and/or low pressure).
1. A method of separating water from a product, the method comprising:
contacting a mixture of the water and the product with a first surface of a graphene oxide membrane, wherein the graphene oxide membrane comprises a layer of graphene oxide supported on a layer of a porous membrane; and wherein the layer of graphene oxide comprises a stack of a plurality of randomly oriented single molecular graphene oxide layers;
removing the water from a second surface of the graphene oxide membrane.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer of graphene oxide layer is between 100 nm and 10 μm thick.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises a polymer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane comprises an inorganic material.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the inorganic material is a ceramic.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the inorganic material comprises alumina.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of the water and the product is a gaseous mixture of water vapour and the product, the product being a gas.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the method is a method of detecting a gaseous product and, once the water has passed through the graphene oxide membrane, the method comprises the step of detecting the product.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is a method of separating the water from the product by pervaporation.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the mixture of the water and the product is a fermentation broth or has been extracted from a fermentation broth.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane is formed of a polymeric material selected from polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE), poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) and cyclopore polycarbonate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane has a surface roughness which is the same as or smoother than as polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE).
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the thickness of the graphene oxide layer to the thickness of the porous membrane is in the range from 10:1 to 1:10.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous membrane is no more hydrophobic than polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE).