Alkaline and non-aqueous proton-conducting pouch-cell batteries
Provided are sealed pouch-cell batteries that are alkaline batteries or non-aqueous proton-conducing batteries. A pouch cell includes a flexible housing such as is used for pouch cell construction where the housing is in the form of a pouch, a cathode comprising a cathode active material suitable for use in an alkaline battery, an anode comprising an anode active material suitable for use in an alkaline battery, an electrolyte that is optionally an alkaline or proton-conducting electrolyte, and wherein the pouch does not include or require a safety vent or other gas absorbing or releasing system as the anode active material and the cathode active material do not increase the internal atmospheric pressure any more than 2 psig during cycling. The batteries provided function contrary to the art recognized belief that such battery systems were impossible due to unacceptable gas production during cycling.
1. A sealed pouch-cell alkaline battery comprising:
a flexible housing in the form of a sealed pouch, the flexible housing having an average thickness between 0.02 and 0.2 millimeters;
a cathode comprising a cathode active material suitable for use in an alkaline battery;
an anode comprising a metal hydride anode active material suitable for use in an alkaline battery, the anode active material having a pressure-concentration-temperature (PCT) plateau pressure of 0.8 atmospheres or less measured at 50% of the maximum storage capacity and 30° C.;
an alkaline electrolyte;
said cathode, anode, and electrolyte housed within said pouch, wherein said electrolyte is in chemical contact with both said cathode and said anode active material;
said pouch absent a safety vent, and wherein said cathode active material and said anode active material do not increase internal atmospheric pressure more than 2 psig during cycling.
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein said battery is a secondary battery.
3. The battery of claim 1 further comprising a battery protection circuit capable of measuring the rate of change of battery voltage with respect to time, battery temperature, or both.
4. The battery of claim 1 further comprising a battery protection circuit capable of electronic control over state-of-charge and charge rate/discharge rate.
5. The battery of claim 4 wherein said battery protection circuit further comprises a memory device capable of recording state of charge.
6. The battery of claim 1 wherein said anode active material has a heat of hydride formation less than −35 kJ/mol H 2 .
7. The battery of claim 1 wherein said anode active material comprises an alloy that is annealed.
8. The battery of claim 1 wherein said anode active material is a metal hydride alloy capable of storing hydrogen electrochemically.
9. The battery of claim 1 wherein said cathode active material or anode active material comprises a nickel hydroxide based disordered material.
10. The battery of claim 9 wherein said disordered materials are disordered both structurally and compositionally.
11. The battery of claim 9 wherein said cathode active material has a voltage gap of 0.09 volts or greater.
12. The battery of claim 1 wherein said electrolyte comprises 20 to 45 weight percent KOH or NaOH in water.