Electrochemical metal and alloy detector and method
Disclosed is an electrochemical probe system and an electrical excitation method, used to identify the composition of metals and alloys.
1. An electrochemical probe system for identification of a metallic sample, comprising:
a first electrically conductive probe;
a first electrically non-conductive component carrying a first electrolyte and being in operative connection with the first electrically conductive probe;
a second electrically conductive probe;
a second electrically non-conductive component carrying a second electrolyte different from the first electrolyte, and being in operative connection with the second electrically conductive probe;
a separate electrical connection to at least one of the first electrically conductive probe and the second electrically conductive probe;
an electrical connection to the metallic sample, wherein the first electrically conductive probe is positioned against the metallic sample with the first electrically non-conductive component located in between, establishing an ionic path between the first electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
another electrical connection to the metallic sample, wherein the second electrically conductive probe is positioned against the metallic sample with the second electrically non-conductive component located in between, establishing an ionic path between the second electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
an electrical excitation device to provide to the first electrically conductive probe, the second electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample, asymmetric excitations;
an electrical measurement device to measure at least one of voltages and currents between the first electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample, and between the second electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample; and
an electronic computing device configured to operate an algorithm and/or store a look-up table that correlates the at least one of measured currents and voltages with respective metal and/or alloy compositions of the metallic sample, the metallic sample including one or more pieces of metal and/or metal alloy, wherein the second electrically conductive probe and the second electrically non-conductive component carrying the second electrolyte assist in obtaining additional correlations in addition to those correlations associated with the first electrically conductive probe and the first electrically non-conductive component carrying the first electrolyte.
2. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrically conductive probes are each made out of at least one of glassy carbon, graphite, carbon-plastic composite, and other forms of carbon.
3. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrically conductive probes are made out of a metal that forms a galvanic coupling through the first and second electrolytes with the metallic sample.
4. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrically conductive probes are each made out of a metal salt or metal salt composite that forms a galvanic coupling through the first and second electrolytes with the metallic sample.
5. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second electrically non-conductive components are configured as membranes composed of a porous or fibrous polymeric material with open pores, and wherein the membranes are in at least one of a planar format and shaped as a sleeve that covers the probe, and wherein the membrane is configured to be re-used for multiple measurements, or discarded after each measurement.
6. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second electrically non-conductive components include a non-porous ion exchange membrane.
7. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrolytes are capable of exchanging a reversible redox reaction with the metals present in the metallic sample being probed.
8. The electrolyte of claim 7 , wherein a cation consists of a metal ion having at least two redox states that are soluble in the first and second electrolyte medium.
9. The electrolyte of claim 7 , wherein metal redox cations are one of Fe2+/Fe3+, Ce3+/Ce4+, V2+/V3+, V3+/V4+, V4+/V5+, Cu+/Cu2+, Sn2+/Sn4+, Ni2+/Ni3+.
10. The probe system of claim 1 , further including a cleaning arrangement to clean a surface of the metallic sample, the cleaning arrangement including at least one of an abrasive cleaning arrangement, a chemical cleaning arrangement, a milling based cleaning arrangement, a chemical etching cleaning arrangement, and a mechanical puncture based cleaning arrangement.
11. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the excitations of the electrical excitation device includes alternating current with a current density having any value between and including approximately 0.1 uA/cm2 to 10 mA/cm2.
12. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein a net electrical excitation to the metallic sample is null, and the measurement taken is a voltage measurement.
13. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical excitation to the metallic sample is an applied and positive constant current of between, approximately 0.1 uA/cm2 and 10 mA/cm2.
14. The probe system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical excitation to the metallic sample is an applied and negative constant current of between, approximately −0.1 uA/cm2 and −10 mA/cm2.
15. A method for electrochemically identifying a metallic sample, comprising:
establishing a first ionic path between a first electrically conductive probe and a metallic sample by placement of a first electrically non-conductive membrane carrying a first electrolyte, between and in operative contact with the first electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
establishing a second ionic path between a second electrically conductive probe and a metallic sample by placement of a second electrically non-conductive membrane carrying an electrolyte, between and in operative contact with the second electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
generating and providing asymmetric excitations to the electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
measuring at least one of voltages and currents between the first and second probes and the metallic sample, by use of an electronic measuring device; and
correlating the measured voltages and currents of the first and second probes with voltages and currents corresponding to respective metal and/or metal alloy compositions to identify the metallic sample as including a specific metal and/or metal alloy, the metallic sample including one or more pieces of metal and/or metal alloy.
16. An electrochemical probe system for identification of a metallic sample comprising:
a first electrically conductive probe;
a first electrically non-conductive component in operative association with the first electrically conductive probe;
a second electrically conductive probe;
a second electrically non-conductive component in operative association with the second electrically conductive probe;
an electrolyte carried by the first and second electrically non-conductive component;
a separate electrical connection to each of the first electrically conductive probe and the second electrically conductive probe;
an electrical connection to the metallic sample including the first electrically conductive probe, and the first electrically non-conductive component;
another electrical connection to the metallic sample including the first electrically conductive probe, and the first electrically non-conductive component;
wherein, an ionic path is formed with the first and second electrically conductive probes positioned against the metallic sample with the respective electrically first and second non-conductive components located there between;
an electrical excitation device configured to provide asymmetric current pulses to the electrically conductive probes and the metallic sample;
an electrical measurement device to measure voltage potentials and currents between the electrically conductive probes and the metallic sample; and
an electronic computing device configured to operate an algorithm and/or store voltages and currents representing various metals and/or metal alloys, to receive the measured voltages and currents from the electronic measurement device and to correlate the measured voltages and currents with the stored voltages and currents to identify respective metal and/or metal alloy compositions of the metallic sample, wherein the metallic sample includes one or more pieces of metal and/or metal alloy.
17. An electrochemical probe system for identification of a metallic sample, comprising:
at least one electrically conductive probe;
at least one electrically non-conductive component carrying an electrolyte and being in operative connection with the at least one electrically conductive probe;
a separate electrical connection to each at least one electrically conductive probe;
an electrical connection to the metallic sample, wherein the at least one electrically conductive probe is positioned against the metallic sample with the at least one electrically non-conductive component located in between, establishing an ionic path between each of at least one electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample;
an electrical excitation device to provide to each at least one electrically conductive probe and the metallic sample, asymmetric excitations, wherein the excitations of the electrical excitation device includes alternating current with a current density having any value between and including approximately 0.1 uA/cm2 to 10 mA/cm2;
an electrical measurement device to measure at least one of voltages and currents between the probe and the metallic sample; and
an electronic computing device configured to operate an algorithm and/or store a look-up table that correlates the measured currents and voltages with respective metal and/or alloy compositions of the metallic sample, wherein the metallic sample includes one or more pieces of metal and/or metallic alloy.
18. The probe system of claim 17 , wherein the alternating current is asymmetric in magnitude.
19. The probe system of claim 17 , wherein the electronic excitation device which generates the asymmetric alternating current is programmed such that the net electronic charge transferred between the probes and the sample is zero.