Electroporation systems having a plurality of hollow members
An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out b applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.
1. An electroporation system for applying an electric pulse or electric pulses to a specimen including cells to thereby electroporate cell membranes and infuse foreign materials into the cells, comprising:
a plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members of non-conductive material, wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels of at least two different lengths;
a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a pair of wells for each hollow specimen-stuffing member, and wherein the pair of wells for each hollow specimen-stuffing member is connected to both distal ends of the specimen-stuffing member for fluid communication;
an electric pulse generator; and
a pair of electrodes for each pair of wells in electrical connection with the electric pulse generator, wherein the pairs of electrodes are configured to be inserted within the pairs of wells and to apply an electric pulse within the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members, and wherein the electric pulse has an electric field intensity that is different for channels of different lengths.
2. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein the hollow specimen-stuffing member has a ratio (R, cm −1 ) of a longitudinal length (L, cm) to horizontal cross-sectional area (A, cm 2 ) in the range of 50 to 10,000.
3. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels with a length of 1 mm to 10 cm.
4. The electroporation system according to claim 2 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels with a length of 1 cm to 5 cm.
5. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels with a height of 2 μm to 2 mm and a width of 10 μm to 10 μmm.
6. The electroporation system according to claim 5 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels with a height of 20 μm to 200 μm and a width of 100 μm to 5 mm.
7. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises a channel of a different length from the other hollow specimen-stuffing members.
8. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels of at least two different widths.
9. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein one well of each pair of wells is aligned within a row of wells.
10. The electroporation system according to claim 1 , wherein a first well of each pair of wells is aligned within a first row of wells, and wherein a second well of each pair of wells is aligned within a second row of wells.
11. The electroporation system of claim 1 , additionally comprising:
a microscope configured to observe cells within the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members.
12. The electroporation system of claim 11 , wherein the microscope is a fluorescence microscope configured to observe fluorescence associated with the cells.
13. An electroporation system for applying an electric pulse or electric pulses to a specimen including cells to thereby electroporate cell membranes and infuse foreign materials into the cells, comprising:
a plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members of non-conductive material, wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels of at least two different lengths;
a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a pair of wells, and wherein the pair of wells is connected to both distal ends of at least two hollow specimen-stuffing members for fluid communication;
an electric pulse generator; and
a pair of electrodes in electrical connection with the electric pulse generator, wherein the pair of electrodes is configured for insertion within the pair of wells to apply an electric pulse within the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members, and wherein the electric pulse has an electric field intensity that is different for channels of different length.
14. The electroporation system according to claim 13 , wherein more than two hollow specimen-stuffing members are connected to the pair of wells.
15. The electroporation system according to claim 14 , wherein three hollow specimen-stuffing members are connected to the pair of wells.
16. The electroporation system according to claim 14 , wherein five hollow specimen-stuffing members are connected to the pair of wells.
17. The electroporation system according to claim 13 , wherein each of the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises a channel of a different length from the other hollow specimen-stuffing members.
18. The electroporation system according to claim 13 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels of at least two different widths.
19. The electroporation system according to claim 13 , wherein the plurality of hollow specimen-stuffing members comprises channels with a height of 20 μm to 200 μm and a width of 100 μm to 5 mm.
20. The electroporation system according to claim 13 , wherein the hollow specimen-stuffing member has a ratio (R, cm −1 ) of a longitudinal length (L, cm) to horizontal cross-sectional area (A, cm 2 ) in the range of 50 to 10,000.