Poly(vinyl alcohol)-containing and silica nanoparticle multilayer coatings and methods
Articles having poly(vinyl alcohol)-containing (PVA-containing) and silica nanoparticle multilayer coatings are provided. More specifically, articles include a substrate and a multilayer coating attached to the substrate. The multilayer coating includes a first silica layer and a first PVA-containing layer. The first silica layer is a primer layer of the multilayer coating, and the silica layer comprises a plurality of acid-sintered interconnected silica nanoparticles arranged to form a continuous three-dimensional porous network. The PVA-containing and silica nanoparticle multilayer coatings can be used on a large variety of substrates and tend to be resistant to wet and dry abrasions, scratches, and impacts.
1. An article comprising:
a. a substrate; and
b. a multilayer coating attached to the substrate, the multilayer coating comprising
i. a first silica layer that is a primer layer of the multilayer coating directly attached to the substrate, the first silica layer comprising a plurality of acid-sintered interconnected silica nanoparticles arranged to form a continuous three-dimensional porous network; and
ii. a first PVA-containing layer disposed directly adjacent to the first silica layer, the first PVA-containing layer comprising between 10 weight percent and 100 weight percent poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA).
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first PVA-containing layer comprises between 0.5 weight percent and 90 weight percent silica nanoparticles.
3. The article of claim 1 further comprising a second PVA-containing layer disposed adjacent to the first PVA-containing layer, the second PVA-containing comprising between 10 weight percent and 100 weight percent PVA.
4. The article of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the first PVA-containing layer and the second PVA-containing layer comprises crosslinked PVA.
5. The article of claim 3 , wherein the second PVA-containing layer further comprises a plurality of silica nanoparticles.
6. The article of claim 3 , further comprising a second silica layer that is an outermost layer of the multilayer coating, wherein the second silica layer is attached directly to the second PVA-containing layer.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first silica layer further comprises PVA.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of acid-sintered interconnected silica nanoparticles are formed from a dispersion comprising the silica nanoparticles acidified with an acid having a pKa less than 3.5 to a pH in a range of 2 to 5.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first PVA-containing layer comprises a silane-modified PVA.
10. The article of claim 1 , further comprising a second silica layer that is an outermost layer of the multilayer coating.
11. The article of claim 10 , wherein the second silica layer comprises a plurality of acid-sintered interconnected silica nanoparticles arranged to form a continuous three-dimensional porous network.
12. The article of claim 10 , wherein the second silica layer further comprises PVA.
13. A method of making an article, the method comprising:
a. providing a substrate;
b. attaching a multilayer coating to a surface of the substrate, the attaching comprising
i. forming a first silica layer that is a primer layer of the multilayer coating directly attached to the substrate, the first silica layer comprising a plurality of acid-sintered interconnected silica nanoparticles arranged to form a continuous three-dimensional porous network; and
ii. forming a first PVA-containing layer directly adjacent to the first silica layer, the first PVA-containing layer comprising between 10 weight percent and 100 weight percent PVA;
wherein the forming of the first silica layer and the forming of the first PVA-containing layer comprises:
A. flowing a first fluid down a first slide surface of a slide coater, the first fluid comprising a plurality of acidified silica nanoparticles and corresponding to the first silica layer;
B. flowing a second fluid down a second slide surface of the slide coater to form a second fluid layer over the first slide surface, the second fluid comprising PVA and corresponding to the first PVA-containing layer; and
C. coating the substrate with the first fluid and the second fluid, to form a multilayer fluid coating, the first fluid being the lowermost fluid of the multilayer fluid coating and coated directly onto the substrate by the slide coater.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising forming a second silica layer that is an outermost layer of the multilayer coating.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first PVA-containing layer further comprises a plurality of silica nanoparticles.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the first silica layer comprises preparing a dispersion containing the silica nanoparticles acidified with an acid having a pKa less than 3.5 to a pH in a range of 2 to 5, coating the dispersion on the substrate, and drying the coating to form the plurality of acid-sintered silica nanoparticles.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first silica layer further comprises PVA.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first PVA-containing layer comprises a silane-modified PVA.
19. The method of claim 13 , further comprising flowing a third fluid down a third slide surface of a slide coater, the third fluid comprising a plurality of acidified sintered silica nanoparticles and the third fluid being the uppermost fluid of the multilayer fluid coating coated onto the substrate by the slide coater.
20. The method of claim 13 , further comprising crosslinking the PVA of the second fluid.