Separated parallel beam generation for atom interferometry
An atomic interferometer and methods for measuring phase shifts in interference fringes using the same. The atomic interferometer has a laser beam traversing an ensemble of atoms along a first path and an optical components train with at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element configured to reflect the laser beam along a second path that is anti-parallel with respect to the first laser beam path. Any excursion from parallelism of the second beam path with respect to the first is rigorously independent of variation of the first laser beam path in yaw parallel to an underlying plane.
1. An atomic interferometer comprising:
a. an ensemble of atoms;
b. a laser beam traversing the ensemble of atoms in a first laser beam path;
c. an optical components train, comprising at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element, configured to reflect the laser beam along a second laser beam path that is anti-parallel with respect to the first laser beam path;
d. an entirely refractive alignment element for steering the laser beam into the optical components train; and
a detector configured to detect spontaneous fluorescence emitted by atoms within the ensemble of atoms after traversal of the first and second laser beam paths.
2. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the ensemble of atoms includes a beam of atoms traversing a vacuum chamber.
3. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the alignment-insensitive beam routing element includes at least one of a pentaprism pair, a pentamirror pair, a roof pentaprism pair, a roof pentamirror pair, a corner cube and a roof reflector.
4. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 2 , wherein the alignment-insensitive beam routing element is disposed within the vacuum chamber.
5. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 2 , wherein any angular perturbation of the first laser beam path external to the vacuum chamber is common to the first laser beam path and the second laser beam path.
6. An atomic interferometer comprising:
a. an ensemble of atoms
b. a laser beam traversing the ensemble of atoms;
c. an optical component train, comprising at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element, configured within the vacuum enclosure to reflect the laser beam along a second laser beam path that is anti-parallel with respect to the first laser beam path;
d. an entirely refractive alignment element for steering the laser beam into the optical components train; and
e. a detector configured to detect spontaneous fluorescence emitted by atoms within the beam of atoms after traversal of the first and second laser beam paths,
wherein any excursion in yaw of the first laser beam path with respect to the ensemble of atoms is rigorously common mode to the first and second laser beam paths.
7. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the alignment-insensitive beam routing element includes at least one of a monolithically mounted pentaprism pair, a monolithically mounted pentamirror pair, and a roof reflector.
8. An atomic interferometer in accordance with claim 7 , wherein the alignment-insensitive beam routing element includes a matched pair of pentaprisms or pentamirrors.
9. An atomic interferometer in accordance with either claim 2 or claim 6 , further comprising at least a second alignment-insensitive beam routing element, configured within the vacuum enclosure to reflect the laser beam along a fourth laser beam path that is anti-parallel with respect to a third laser beam path.
10. A method for measuring relative phase shifts in interference fringes between populations of internal states of a quantum system, the method comprising:
a. generating an ensemble of free atoms within a vacuum chamber;
b. coupling a laser beam so as to traverse the ensemble of atoms in a first laser beam path;
c. configuring at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element within the vacuum enclosure to reflect the laser beam along a second laser beam path that is anti-parallel with respect to the first laser beam path;
d. aligning the first laser beam path with respect to the ensemble of atoms solely by refractive optics; and
e. detecting spontaneous fluorescence emitted by atoms within the ensemble of atoms after traversal of the first and second laser beam paths.
11. A method in accordance with claim 10 , wherein configuring the at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element includes providing at least one of a monolithically mounted pentaprism pair, pentamirror pair and a roof reflector.